Vertebral column, spinal cord, and back

Question 1

total number of vertebrae

Answer 1

33

Question 2

four curvatures of the spine

Answer 2

1. Cervical curvature- concave posteriorly
2. Thoracic curvature- concave anteriorly
3. Lumbar curvature- concave posteriorly
4. Sacral curvature- concave anteriorly

Question 3

lordosis

Answer 3

curvature of spine concave posteriorly

Question 4

kyphosis

Answer 4

curvature of spine concave anteriorly

Question 5

“high” curves

Answer 5

C5, L3

Question 6

“Low” curves

Answer 6

T5, S2

Question 7

excessive thoracic kyphosis

Answer 7

caused by erosion and collapse of vertebrae osteoporosis

Question 8

Excessive lumbar lordosis

Answer 8

• weakened trunk musculature
• temporary in late pregnancy

Question 9

Scoliosis

Answer 9

• abnormal lateral curvature with rotation of the vertebrae
• Asymmetric weakness of intrinsic back muscles, failure of half of the vertebra to develop or difference in lower limb length

Question 10

vertebral body function

Answer 10

strengthen vertebral column

Question 11

vertebral foramen

Answer 11

provides passage for spinal cord, meninges, fat, spina nerve roots and vessels

Question 12

articulating facet function

(2 superior and 2 inferior)

Answer 12

join with adjacent vertebrae and form the intervertebral foramina which gives passage to spinal nerve roots and vessels

Question 13

spinous process function

Answer 13

provides attachment for deep back muscles

Question 14

transverse process function

Answer 14

provides attachment for deep back muscles and ribs

Question 15

C1

Answer 15

• Atlas
• ring like, no spinous process or body
• connection with occipital joint allows for up and down movement of the head
• connection with Dens on C2 allows for side to side movement of head.

Question 16

C2

Answer 16

• Axis
• strongest cervical vertebra
• Dens projects superiorly from body and provides a pivot for atlas to turn left and right

Question 17

scapular spine correlates to ________

Answer 17

T3

Question 18

Inferior angle of the scapula correlates to _____

Answer 18

T7 spinous process

Question 19

Last rib corresponds with _____

Answer 19

T12 spinous process

Question 20

Illiac crest (Tuffier’s line) correlates with _____

Answer 20

L4 spinous process

Question 21

Posterior superior iliac spine corresponds with ____

Answer 21

S2 spinous process

Question 22

6 ligaments of the spine

Answer 22

1. Nuchal
2. supraspinous
3. interspinous
4. ligamentum flava/flavum
5. posterior longitudinal
6. anterior longitudinal

Question 23

spinal cord beinning and end point

Answer 23

begins in the midbrain, ends at the conus medullaris which correlates to L1 (T12-L3)

Question 24

the continuation of the Pia matter is called _____

Answer 24

Filum terminale externum (outside of dural sac)

Filum terminale internum (within the dural sac)

Question 25

number of spinal nerves

Answer 25

* 31 total * 8 cervical * C2-C7 emerge superior to corresponding pedicles * C8 and below emerge inferior to corresponding pedicles

Question 26

Spinal nerve structure | (medial to lateral)

Answer 26

* spinal cord (grey matter in the center, surrounded by white matter) * dorsal root/ventral root * roots merge to form spinal nerve * spinal nerve splits to form dorsal rami/ventral rami

Question 27

Dorsal rami supplies \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 27

the deep muscles of the back and skin

Question 28

Ventral rami supplies \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 28

muscles, joints, and skin of the limbs and remainder of the trunk

Question 29

dura mater

Answer 29

* tough, fibrous outermost covering * separated from the vertebrae by the epidural space * highly vascularized * forms the spinal dural sac, which ends at S2

Question 30

Arachnoid mater

Answer 30

* delicate, avascular membrane * lines the dural sac, is not attached to the dura but is pressed against it by the CSF * encloses the subarachnoid space which contains CSF, spinal nerve roots, and spinal ganglia

Question 31

Pia mater

Answer 31

* innermost covering membrane * directly covers the spinal cord, roots of the spinal nerves and the spinal blood vessels * forms the **denticulate ligament** which helps anchor spina cord centrally * continues as filum terminale

Question 32

venous plexis | (Batson plexus)

Answer 32

becomes engorged during pregnancy, more common to accidentally hit it in a pegnant woman.

Question 33

serratus posterior superior and inferior innervation and actions

Answer 33

* innervation: * S: 2nd and 5th intercostal nerves (anterior rami) * I: 9th-11 intercostal nerves (anterior rami) * action: * proprioception for respiration (lets us know we are breathing)

Question 34

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis innervation and action

Answer 34

* Innervation: * posterior rami of the spinal nerves * action: * laterally flex neck and rotate head to side of active muscles. * extends head and neck together

Question 35

Spinalis Longissimus Iliocostalis Innervation and action

Answer 35

* Innervation: * posterior rami of spinal nerves * Action: * bilaterally: extends vertebral column * unilaterally: flexes vertebral column

Question 36

Suboccipital triangle 4 postural muscles of the head innervation and action

Answer 36

* Rectus capitis posterior major * Rectus capitis posterior minor * Obliquus capitis inferior * Obliquus capitis superior * All innervated by: * suboccipital nerve * Action of all: * head posture

Question 37

suboccipital nerve affiliated ramus and type of innervation

Answer 37

* posterior ramus of C1 * motor innervation

Question 38

greater occipital nerve affiliated ramus and type of innervation

Answer 38

* Posterior ramus of C2 * sensory innervation

Question 39

Third occipital nerve affiliated ramus and type of innervation

Answer 39

* Posterior ramus of C3 * sensory innervation

Question 40

Lesser occipital nerve affiliated ramus and type of innervation

Answer 40

* Anterior ramus of C2-C3 * sensory innervation