VI. Regions of the Vertebral Column Flashcards
(525 cards)
1
Q
Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?
A
the two toed sloth, manatee, ant bear, and three toed sloth
2
Q
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
A
ant bear, three-toed sloth
3
Q
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
A
two-toed sloth, manatee
4
Q
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical cervical spine?
A
seven segments
5
Q
Which vertebrae are typical cervicals?
A
C3-C6
6
Q
Which vertebrae are atypical cervicals?
A
C1, C2, C7
7
Q
What is the shape of the typical cervical vertebral body from the cranial view?
A
rectangular
8
Q
What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body?
A
it diminishes the overall height of the vertebral body
9
Q
What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view?
A
posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
10
Q
What would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features?
A
posterior or kyphotic
11
Q
What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve?
A
the intervertebral disc height
12
Q
What is the direction of the typical cervical curve?
A
anterior or lordotic
13
Q
Which vertebral couples will demonstrate a decrease in intervertebral disc height?
A
C2/C3 down to C4/C5
14
Q
At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?
A
C5/C6
15
Q
What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
A
anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes
16
Q
What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?
A
unicate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip
17
Q
At what developemental age will the uncinate process first be observed?
A
3rd-4th fetal month
18
Q
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
A
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
19
Q
What are the names given to the lateral modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim?
A
lateral groove or enchancrure
20
Q
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip - anterior longitudinal ligament - anterior groove articulation?
A
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
21
Q
What is the joint classification for the posterior lip - posterior longitudinal ligament - posterior groove articulation?
A
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesomosis
22
Q
What is the joint classification for the unicate process - lateral groove articulation?
A
modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
23
Q
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone - intervertebral disc articulation?
A
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
24
Q
What joint surfaces are present on the upper surface of the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
A
anterior groove, right uncinate process, left uncinate process, posterior groove and superior spongy bone surface
25
How many joints are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
five
26
What joint surfaces are present on the lower surface of the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
anterior lip, right lateral groove, left lateral groove, posterior lip, and inferior spongy bone surface
27
How many joints are present on the lower surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
five
28
How many total joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
ten
29
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
right and left uncinate process, right and left lateral groove
30
What is the name given to the uncinate process - lateral groove articulation?
joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
31
The joint of Luschka is formed from what surfaces?
the uncinate process and lateral groove
32
How many total synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
four
33
What does the recent literature suggest as to the nature of the joint of Luschka?
the joint is representative of the intervertebral disc aging, which results in loss of lamellar integrity near the joint
34
What is the functional significance of the joint of Luschka?
it appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion - extension and requiring couple motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine
35
How many spongy bone - intervertebral disc articulation - spongy bone articulations are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
two
36
How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joints are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
two
37
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body?
the longus colli muscle
38
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?
posterolateral, 45 degrees
39
At what location on the vertebral body of a typical cervical will the pedicle attach?
to the side and in the center of the vertebral body
40
In the vertebral couple, which cervical vertebral body will contribute more toward the height of the intervertebral foramen?
neither, both contribute equally to the intervertebral foramen height
41
What surface feature is located at the lower margin of the pedicle?
inferior vertebral notch
42
Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on the superior vertebral notch of C5?
C5 spinal nerve
43
Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on the inferior vertebral notch of C5?
C6 spinal nerve
44
What is the direction of projection of the cervical lamina?
posteromedially
45
What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?
ligamentum flavum
46
What joint classification will be associated with the ligamentum flavum and its attachment?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
47
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?
para-articular processes
48
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone?
accessory bone
49
Ossificaiton within the length of the ligament flavum will be associated with which classification of bone?
heterotopic bone
50
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical vertebra?
heart-shaped or triangular
51
Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of typical cervicals?
transverse
52
What soft tissue diameter mimics the outline of the typical cervical vertebral foramen?
the transverse diameter of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
53
The greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at ...
C6
54
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
55
What osseous parts form the typical cervical vertebrae transverse process?
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
56
List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the lamina pedicle junction.
true transverse process, posterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, anterior tubercle, costal element
57
What is the distal modification of the costal element of a typical cervical vertebra?
the anterior tubercle
58
What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii
59
What is the distal modification of the true transverse process of typical cervicals?
the posterior tubercle
60
What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators, and posterior intertransversarii
61
What bony feature connects the anterior and posterior tubercles of a typical cervical transverse process?
costotransverse bar or intertubercular lamella
62
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
63
What is the name given to the collective rib-forming region?
the pleurapophysis
64
What produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior directions?
cervical spinal nerves as they are directed anterolaterally and inferiorly to form the cervical and brachial plexuses
65
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?
sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
66
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degrees inferiorly (from the horizontal plane)
67
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
the carotid tubercle
68
What will cause remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?
the common carotid artery
69
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
70
What part of the peripheral nerve system is observed in the transverse foramen of typical cervical vertebra?
postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers of the autonomic (involuntary or visceral) nerve system
71
What is the name of the lamina-pedicle junction of typical cervical vertebrae?
the articular pillar
72
What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar?
the groove/sulcus for the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
73
What nerve indents the articular pillar of typical cervical vertebrae?
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
74
What is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets?
40 to 45 degrees from the coronal plane
75
Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?
55 to 60 degrees
76
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
77
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)
78
What muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?
the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidus, and rotators
79
What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?
the semispinalis capitis, multifidus, and rotator longus joint
80
What is the joint classification for the typical cervical zygapophysis?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
81
What modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine?
meniscoidal folds
82
What function will meniscoidal folds provide in cervical zygapophyses?
they are assumed to distribute pressure across the joint surface
83
The greatest range of flexion - extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
typically C5/C6
84
What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
lateral bending and axial rotation
85
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couples?
the C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples
86
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will being to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?
the C5/C6 vertebral couple
87
What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?
they are bifid
88
What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?
they are non-bifid
89
What is the osseous modification at the distal end of the spinous process?
the spinous tubercle
90
What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
the spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotators, and interspinalis
91
What ligaments will attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
the interspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
92
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the lateral groove and vertebral body of the segment above, the uncinate process and vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc, and the posterior longitudinal ligament
93
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior articular process (post-zygapophysis), the superior articular process (pre-zygapophysis), the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum
94
What will form the superior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
95
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
96
What is the unique anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve?
the lateral groove of C3 and uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of Luschka
97
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
atlas
98
What features are lacking at C1?
vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process, and the intervertebral disc
99
What is though to represent the pedicle at C1?
the anterior arch
100
What osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?
the anterior tubercle
101
What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
longus colli
102
What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?
the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital, and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments
103
What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?
the fovea dentis
104
What joint classifications are observed on the anterior arch of C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
105
What is the contribution of the lateral mass to the circumference of C1?
forty percent; twenty percent for each lateral mass
106
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?
they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
107
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
108
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint
109
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?
asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
110
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?
backward, medial, and downward (BMD)
111
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
112
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
113
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
levator scapula, splenius cervicis, and rectus capitis anterior
114
What is the contribution of the posterior arch to the circumference of C1?
about forty percent
115
What part of C1 represents the spinous process?
posterior tubercle of the posterior arch
116
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
males: about fifty millimeters
females: about thirty-seven millimeters
117
What attaches tot he posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
118
What superior surface modifications of the posterior arch of C1 are present?
groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery and arcuate rim
119
What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?
the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
120
What are the attachment sites of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
it is attached to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas, to the superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas, and to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone
121
Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?
accessory bone
122
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?
about age 7 years old
123
Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?
an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
124
What may be formed by ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
a partial ponticulus posticus or incomplete ponticulus posticus
125
What forms the types of ponticulus posticus?
ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
126
What are the attachment sites of the ponticulus posticus?
it is attached to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas and to the superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas
127
What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?
Kimmerle's anomaly
128
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal
129
Ponticulus posticushas observed in what ethnic populations?
all ethnic populations studied thus far
130
What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?
1% - 41%
131
What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?
female
132
What is the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus versus an incomplete ponticulus posticus?
the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus is about fifteen percent; the incidence of an incomplete ponticulus posticus may be as high as forty-one percent
133
What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?
"inferior vertebral notch" and an attachment site for the posterior atlanto-axial ligament
134
What joint classification(s) may be observed on the posterior arch of C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
135
What is the location of the "zygapophysis" relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?
it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases
136
What is the general appearance of the transverse process of C1?
triangular
137
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
138
What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?
anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
139
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior, and intertransversarii muscles
140
What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
141
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
myodural bridges
142
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas
143
What forms of the lateral bridges are observed in the population?
incomplete lateral bridges and complete lateral bridges
144
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
the retrotransverse foramen
145
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
146
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is most numerous?
ponticulus posticus
147
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
lateral bridges
148
What is observed in the transverse foramen C1?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
149
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
males: 78 millimeters
females: 72 millimeters
150
Is there a gender variation for the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin?
not a significant difference
151
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females
152
What joint classifications are observed at C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint, and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
153
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
five
154
What synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets, and the fovea dentis
155
What names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
156
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
the dens or odontoid process
157
How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
five
158
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
159
Which joint classifications are represented at the odontoid process of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints
160
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
lordotic dens
161
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed posterior?
lordotic dens
162
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
163
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
164
What joint surfaces are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves, and cancellous bone
165
How many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
five
166
What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
167
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?
ten
168
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
169
What ligaments will attach posteriorly to the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
membrana tectoria and posterior longitudinal ligament
170
What ligament will represent the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
membrana tectoria
171
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
membrana tectoria
172
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
posterior longitudinal ligament
173
What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?
the superior articular process
174
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
on the lamina-pedicle junction
175
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, and ligamentum flavum
176
What muscle attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior
177
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of C2?
oval to triangular
178
What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
they are asymmetrical and slightly convex
179
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
180
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)
181
What is the classification of the zygapophyseal joints of C2?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
182
What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C3?
longissimus cervicis
183
What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?
anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
184
What will be observed in the transverse foramen at C2?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
185
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
males: fifty-seven millimeters
females: fifty millimeters
186
What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis, and intertransversarii
187
Anterior and posterior intertransversarii are first observed at what vertebral couple?
C2 and C3
188
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?
bifid
189
What is the location for palpation of the spinous process of C2?
in the midline, about two inches below the external occipital protuberance
190
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidus, rotators, and interspinalis muscles
191
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C2?
ligamentum nuchae, interspinous ligaments
192
What names may be given to C7?
vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
193
What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
vertebral prominence
194
What name is given only to C7?
vertebra prominens
195
In what percent of men and of women does C7 become the vertebral prominence?
men: eighty-six percent
women: seventy-nine percent
196
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
197
What joint surfaces are present at the superior margin of the vertebral body of C7?
anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes, cancellous bone
198
What joint surfaces are present at the inferior margin of the vertebral body of C7?
the anterior and posterior margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim, cancellous bone
199
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
eight
200
What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint
201
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
two
202
What synvoial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
the right and left uncinate processes
203
What muscle(s) attaches to the vertebral body of C7?
longus colli muscle
204
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?
costal element, anterior tuberlce, costotransverse bar, posterior tuberlce, true transverse process
205
What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7?
vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers
206
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii, and levator costarum brevis
207
What is the angulation of the articular facet at C7?
more vertical at about 63 degrees
208
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
209
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
forward, medial, and downward (ForMeD)
210
What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis, and multifidus
211
What are the features of the spinous process of C7?
long, horizontal, nonbifid
212
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotators, and interspinalis
213
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?
ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments
214
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
215
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
216
What was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
217
Which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
218
What are the symptoms of failure of the vertebral artery to compensate during the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
dizziness, vertigo, nausea are common complaints
219
The vertebral artery is typically a branch of which artery?
subclavian artery
220
Typically, at what level will the vertebral artery first become located in the transverse foramen?
C6
221
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
the atlanto-axial interspace
222
At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
the atlanto-occipital interspace
223
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
224
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
225
What happens to the vertebral artery as it enters the vertebral foramen of C1?
the adventitia of the artery blends with the dura mater and arachnoid mater; as a result the artery lies in the subarachnoid space
226
What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
227
What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?
the basilar artery
228
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior
229
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
230
Which erector spinae muscles attach to the cervical spine?
iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis
231
Which transversospinalis muscles attach to the cervical spine?
semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, and rotators
232
What joint classifications are present at C1?
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
233
What joint classifications are present at C2?
synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint
234
What joint classifications are present at each typical cervical?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
235
What joint classifications are present at C7?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
236
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal?
occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
237
What forms the boundaries for the ext of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament, inferior vertebral notch of C1, superior vertebral notch of C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, and posterior atlanto-axial ligament
238
What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament
239
What forms the posterior boundary of the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2 and posterior atlanto-axial ligament
240
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
241
What forms the anterior boundary for the C8 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies of C7 and T1, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, capsular ligament of the costocentral joint, superior costal facet of T1 and articular surface of the first rib
242
What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)
C2 is backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
C3-C7 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)
243
What are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, downward, medial (BMD)
| C2-C6 is forward, downward, lateral (FoLD), C7 is forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)
244
How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?
```
C1 = five
C2 = eight
C3-6 = eight
C7 = six
```
245
How many joint are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
```
C1 = none
C2 = ten
C3-6 = ten
C7 = eight
```
246
Which thoracic segments are considered the typical thoracics?
T2-T8 segments
247
Which thoracic segments are considered the atypical thoracics?
T1, T9-T12
248
What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental gropus?
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process, and spinous process
249
What is the outline of the vertebral body of a typical thoracic from superior view?
triangular
250
On cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T2-T4 group?
the vertebral body will have bilaterally convex sides
251
On cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T5-T8 group?
the left side of the vertebral body will be flatened, the right side convex
252
What is the appearance of the vertebral body from the anterior view for T2-T4?
both sides will appear to be scalloped (indented) between the epiphyseal rims
253
What is the appearance of the vertebral body from the anterior view for T5-T8?
the left side will appear to be less scalloped (indented) between the epiphyseal rims compared to the right side
254
What is the cause for the flattening of the left side of the vertebral body on T5-T8?
The descending thoracic aorta will come to lie on the left side of the vertebral body in this region and prevent the epiphyseal plate cartilage from deforming as much as on the right side. When the epiphyseal plates ossify, the epiphyseal rim will not be pushed out as far on the left so that side of the vertebral body appears to be less scalloped.
255
What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?
the aortic impression
256
What is the aortic impression?
the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which gives the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side
257
What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?
the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims
258
What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?
the posterior height is greater than the anterior height by one to two millimeters
259
What is the height pattern of intervertebral discs in the typical thoracic region?
the intervertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights
260
What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body height differences
261
In terms of the anterior-posterior curves of the vertebral column, what direction will the thoracic spine face?
posterior
262
What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?
a kyphotic curve
263
What joints are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
vertebral body to anterior longitudinal ligament at the epiphyseal rims; vertebral body to posterior longitudinal ligametn at the epiphyseal rims; vertebral body to vertebral body via the intervertebral discs; vertebral body to capitulum of a rib (costocentral joint)
264
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
265
What are the examples of fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joints at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
superior and inferior epiphyseal rim to anterior longitudinal ligament
superior and inferior epiphyseal rim to posterior longitudinal ligament
266
What are the examples of cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joints at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
superior epiphyseal rim to intervertebral disc
| inferior epiphyseal rim to intervertebral disc
267
What are the examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joints at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
right and left superior costal demi-facet to inferior articular surface of the rib head
right and left inferior costal demi-facet to superior articular surface of the rib head
268
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
269
How many symphysis joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
two
270
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
271
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically ten (fourteen if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
272
What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?
costocentral joint
273
How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
274
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
the right and left superior and the right and left inferior costal demi-facets
275
What is the relationship between the vertebral body surface and the rib head surface in the costocentral joint of a typical thoracic?
the superior costal demi-facet of the vertebral body will joint with the inferior articular surface of the head of the rib
the inferior costal demi-facet of the vertebral body will joint with the superior articular surface of the head of the rib
276
Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?
the superior costal demi-facet
277
What feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracics?
the costocentral joint or ribs
278
What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the intervertebral foramen for the ... nerve? (Let's use the T6 nerve)
the inferior costal demi-facet of T6 will joint with the superior articular surface of the head of the seventh rib
the superior costal demi-facet of T7 will joint with the inferior articular surface of the head of the seventh rib
279
What ligaments support the costocentral joint?
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
280
To what structures will the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament attach?
the hed of the rib, both vertebral bodies in the vertebral couple and the intervertebral disc
281
The costocentral stellate/radiate ligametn will attach to which segment(s) at the T3 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
the vertebral body of T3 and the vertebral body of T4
282
What does the costocentral intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc
283
What is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?
the surface is greater than the costal demi-facet surface
284
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?
the longus colli
285
What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the typical thoracic vertebral body?
the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally
286
What is the angulation of the pedicle in the typical thoracic region?
ten to fifteen degrees posterolateral from the sagittal plane
287
Which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of atypical thoracic?
the lateral view
288
Which vertebral notch or incisure is said to prominent?
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
289
What is the nerve - vertebral body relationship at the typical thoracic intervertebral foramen?
in the intervertebral foramen, the number of the nerve is the same as the number of the upper thoracic in the vertebral couple
290
What is the rib - vertebral body relationship at the typical thoracic intervertebral foramen?
in the intervertebral foramen, the number of the rib is the same as the number of the lower thoracic in the vertebral couple
291
What is the appearance and position of the lamina in a typical thoracic?
the lamina is short, broad, and thick and lies next to the spinous process
292
What is the overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?
shingling
293
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen in the typical thoracic region?
oval to circular
294
In which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?
the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter
295
What is the direction of the transverse process in the typical thoracics?
the transverse process projects more posterior with each inferior vertebra
296
What is present at the tip of the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
the transverse tubercle
297
What is the distance between the transverse tubercles in the typical thoracic region?
from T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior
298
What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?
the transverse costal facet
299
What is the rib - transverse process relationship for the typical thoracics?
the number of the rib is the same as the number of the vertebra whose transverse process is being stuied; fifth rib with T5 transverse process
300
What is the orientation of the transverse costal facets fro T2-T6?
they face forward and outward
301
What is the orientation of the transverse costal facets from T7-T9?
they face forward, outward, and upward
302
What is the classification of the costatransverse joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
303
What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
304
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
305
The superior costotransverse ligament of rib five will attach to which vertebral feature?
the transverse process of T4
306
The superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T4 will attach to rib ...
five
307
The inferior costotransverse ligament of rib five will attach to which vertebral feature?
the transverse process of T5
308
The inferior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T5 will attach to rib ...
five
309
The lateral costotransverse ligament of rib five will attach to which segmental bony feature?
the transverse process of T5
310
The lateral costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T5 will attach to rib ...
five
311
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
intertransverse , capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
312
Which joint classification is associated with the intertransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
313
Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus, and levator costarum brevis
314
Of the muscles attaching to the transverse process of typical thoracics, which ones will attach to the T5-T8 vertebral segments?
semispinalis thoracis and levator costarum longus
315
Which of the muscles attaching to the transverse process of typical thoracics are examples of the erector spinae group?
the longissimus muscles
316
Which erector spinae muscles will not attach to the transverse process of typical thoracics?
spinalis and iliocostalis muscles
317
Which of the muscles attaching to the transverse process of typical thoracics are examples of the transversospinalis muscle group?
the semispinalis, multifidus, and rotators
318
How can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articular process?
at T2-T4 the width between the superior articular processes is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of the vertebra
at T5-T8 the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
319
How does the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T2-T4 region?
the superior articular process transverse diameter is greater than the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
320
How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T5-T8 region?
the superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
321
What is the angulation of the articular facet of a typical thoracic?
about ten to twenty degrees from the coronal plane; sixty degrees from the horizontal plane
322
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
323
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
324
What is the curvature of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they are slightly convex
325
What is the curvature of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they are slightly concave
326
What is the joint classification of the articular facet joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
327
How many synovial joints are present at a typical thoracic?
ten
328
Identify the synovial joint surfaces present on a typical thoracic.
```
two superior costal demi-facets
two inferior costal demi-facets
two transverse costal facets
two superior articular facets
two inferior articular facets
```
329
How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are present on a typical thoracic?
six
330
Identify the synovial joint surfaces for ribs that are present on a typical thoracic.
two superior costal demi-facets
two inferior costal demi-facets
two transverse costal facets
331
What is the relationship of the inferior articular process and the lamina?
they blend together
332
What name is given to the region between the superior and inferior articular processes in the typical thoracics?
the pars interarticularis
333
What is the pars interarticularis?
the region between the superior and inferior articular processes
334
What part of a vertebra arises laterally from the pars interarticularis?
the transverse process
335
What part of a vertebra arises medially from the pars interarticularis?
the lamina
336
What is the orientation of the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
they slant backward and downward
337
What is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes in the thoracic region?
imbrication
338
What is imbrication?
the overlap of spinous processes
339
Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the throacics?
T5-T8
340
Which thoracic has the longest spinous process?
T8
341
How will the angulation of the spinous process be measured?
from the horizontal plane to the undersurface of the spinous process
342
What is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region?
the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane
the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up sixty degrees from the horizontal planes
343
What is the angulation of the spinous process of T2-T4?
the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane
344
What is the angulation of the spinous process of T5-T8?
the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane
345
Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation of up to forty degrees?
T2-T4
346
Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation of up to sixty degrees?
T5-T8
347
What is the name of the osseous feature at the tip of the spinous process?
the spinous tubercle
348
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
349
What joint classification is associated with typical thoracic spinous process ligaments?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
350
Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracics, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis
351
What is the muscle layer - muscle example combination for muscles attaching to the spinous process in the typical thoracics?
layer one - trapezius, latissimus dorsi
layer two - rhomboid major
layer three - serratus posterior superior
layer four - spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis
layer five - semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis
352
Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of a typical thoracic are not included in any muscle layer of the true back?
splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, and interspinalis
353
What joint classifications are present at every typical thoracic vertebra?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
354
The fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint will occur at what parts of a typical thoracic vertebra?
vertebral body, lamina, transverse process, and spinous process
355
At what part(s) of a typical thoracic vertebra will the cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint be observed?
vertebral body
356
At what part(s) of a typical thoracic vertebra will the synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint be observed?
vertebral body, transverse process, and articular process
357
Which thoracic segments are considered the atypical throacics?
T1, T9-T12
358
What is the outline of the vertebral body of T1 from superior view?
somewhat rectangular with curved anterior margins
359
What is the appearance of the vertebral body of T1 from the anterior view?
both sides will appear to be scalloped (indented) between the epiphyseal rims
360
What is the height pattern of the T1 vertebral body?
the posterior height is greater than the anterior height by one to two millimeters
361
What is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
it is somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margin
362
What may the elevations on the vertebral body of T1 represent?
uncinate processes
363
What is the appeatance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the cervicals
364
What joints are identified at the vertebral body of T1?
vertebral body to the longitudinal ligaments at the epiphyseal rims
vertebral body to vertebral body via the intervertebral discs
vertebral body to the head of a rib (costocentral joint)
365
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of T1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartiaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
the modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) is only observed as an anatomical variation
366
What fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joints form at the T1 vertebral body?
superior and inferior epiphyseal rims to anterior longitudinal ligament
supeior and inferior epiphyseal rims to posterior longitudinal ligament
367
What are the cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joints at the T1 vertebral body?
superior epiphyseal rim to intervertebral disc
| inferior epiphyseal rim to intervertebral disc
368
What are examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joints at the T1 vertebral body?
superior costal facet to articular surface of the head of the first rib
inferior costal demi-facet to superior articular surface of the head of the second rib
369
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
four normally
370
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T1?
two
371
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
typically four are identified (as many as eight if the rib articulation is included)
372
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
typically ten (fourteen if the rib ligaments are included)
373
What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?
costocentral joint
374
How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
four
375
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the T1 vertebral body?
the right and left superior costal facet
| the right and left inferior costal demi-facet
376
What is the relationship between the vertebral body surface and the rib head surface in the costocentral joints of T1?
the superior costal facet of the vertebral body will joint completely with the articular surface of the head of the first rib
the inferior costal demi-facet of the vertebral body will joint with the superior articular surface of the head of the second rib
377
What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the intervertebral foramen for the eight cervical nerve?
the superior costal facet of T1 will joint with the articular surface of the head of the first rib
378
What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the intervertebral foramen for the first thoracic nerve?
the inferior costal facet of T1 will joint with the superior articular surface of the head of the second rib
the superior costal demi-facet of T12 will joint with the inferior articular surface of the head of the second rib
379
What ligament supports the costocentral joint of the first rib?
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament
380
What ligaments support the costocentral joint of the second rib?
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
381
The costocentral stellate/radiate ligament will attach to what features?
the head of the rib and the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disc at the costocentral joint
382
The costocentral stellate/radiate ligament will attach to which segment(s) at the C8 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
the vertebral body of C7 and the vertebral body of T1
383
The costocentral stellate/radiate ligament will attach to which segment(s) at the T1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
the vertebral body of T1 and the vertebral body of T2
384
What does the costocentral intra-articular or interarticular ligametn connect to?
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc
385
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T1?
the longus colli
386
What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the vertebral body of T1?
the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally
387
Which spinal nerve - vertebral notch or incisure combination is present at T1?
C8 spinal nerve - the superiorvertebral notch or incisure of T1
T1 spinal nerve - the inferior vertebral notch or incisure of T1
388
What is the direction of the transverse process at T1?
the transverse process projects nearly straight out into the lateral plane
389
What is present at the tip of the transverse process of T1?
the transverse tubercle
390
What is present on the transverse tubercle of T1?
the transverse costal facet
391
What is the rib - transverse process relationship for T1?
the first rib articulates with the transverse costal facet of T1
392
What is the orienation of the transverse costal facets for T1?
they face forward and outward
393
What is the classification of the costotransverse joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
394
What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
395
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?
the inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
396
What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?
the superior costotransverse ligament
397
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T1?
intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, ifnerior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse
398
Which costotransverse joint will the supeior costotransverse ligament of T1 support?
the second rib costotransverse joint
399
The superior costotransverse ligament of rib two will attach to which vertebral feature?
the transverse process of T1
400
The superior costotransverse ligament of T1 will attach to which rib?
the second rib
401
The inferior costotransverse ligament of rib on will attach to which vertebral feature?
the transverse process of T1
402
The inferior costotransverse ligament of T1 will attach to which rib?
the first rib
403
The lateral costotransverse ligament of rib one will attach to which segmental bony feature?
the transverse process of T1
404
The lateral costotransverse ligament of T1 will attach to which rib?
the first rib
405
What joint classification is associated with the intertrasnversarii, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
406
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T1?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarri, levator costarum brevis
407
Which specific transversospinalis muscle is absent from T1?
semispinalis thoracis
408
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of T1?
they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
409
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of T1?
they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
410
What is the curvature of the superior articular facet of T1?
they are slightly convex
411
What is the curvature of the inferior articular facet of T1?
they are slightly concave
412
What is the classification of the articular facet joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
413
How many synovial joints are present at T1?
ten
414
Identify the synovial joint surfaces present at T1.
two superior costal facets, two inferior costal demi-facets, two transverse costal facets, two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets
415
How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are present at T1?
six
416
Identify the synovial joint surfaces for ribs that are present at T1.
two superior costal facets, two inferior costal demi-facets, two transverse costal facets
417
What is the angulatin of the spinous process of T1?
the undersurface of the T1 spinous process will be nearly horizontal from the horizontal plane
418
What name is used to identify the topographical landmark at the base of the neck?
vertebral prominence
419
Which vertebrae have been identified as forming the vertebral prominence?
C6, C7, T1
420
What is the gender bias associated with T1 as the vertebral prominence?
males (9%) are more likely than females (6%)to demonstrate T1 as the vertebral prominence
421
What is the name of the osseous feature at the tip of the spinous process?
the spinous tubercle
422
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of T1?
the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
423
Ligaments attaching to the spinous process of T1 have what joint classification?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
424
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?
the trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis
425
Which of the muscles of the five layers of the true back are present at the spinous process of T1?
the trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis
426
What is the muscle layer - muscle example combination for muscles attaching to the spinous process of T1?
layer one - trapezius
layer two - rhomboid minor
layer three - serratus posterior superior
layer four - spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis
layer five - semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis
427
Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of T1 are not included in any muscle layer of the true back?
splenius capitis and interspinalis
428
What joint classifications are present at the T1 vertebra?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
429
At what part(s) of T1 will a fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint be observed?
vertebral body, lamina, transverse process, and spinous process
430
At what part(s) of T1 will the cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint be observed?
vertebral body
431
At what part(s) of T1 will the synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint be observed?
vertebral body, transverse process, articular process
432
Which thoracic segments are considered atypical thoracics?
T1, T9-T12
433
What is the height pattern of the T9 vertebral body?
the posterior height is greater than the anterior height by one to two millimeters
434
What is the height pattern of intervertebral discs in the thoracic region?
the intervertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights
435
What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body height difference
436
What is the direction of the anterior - posterior curve directions in the thoracic spine?
posterior
437
What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?
a kyphotic curve
438
What structures joint at the vertebral body of T9?
anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, intervertebral discs, and the head of a rib(s)
439
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of T9?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and synovial plane (diarthrodia arthrodia)
440
What fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joints form at the T9 vertebral body?
superior and inferior epiphyseal rims to anterior longitudinal ligament
superior and inferior epiphyseal rims to posterior longitudinal ligament
441
What cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joints form at the T9 vertebral body?
superior and inferior epiphyseal rims to intervertebral disc
442
What are the examples of synovial (diarthrosis) arthrodia joints at the T9 vertebral body?
superior costal demi-facet to inferior articular surface of the rib head (right and left)
inferior costal demi-facet to superior articular surface of the rib head (right and left)
443
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T9?
four
444
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T9?
two
445
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T9?
typically four are identified (as manay as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
446
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T9?
typically ten (fourteen if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
447
What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?
costocentral joint
448
How many costocentral joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T9?
four
449
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T9?
right and left superior costal demi-facets; right and left inferior costal demi-facets
450
Which synovial joint surfaces may be absent from the vertebral body of T9?
inferior costal demi-facets
451
What is the relationship between the vertebral body surface and the rib head/capitulum surface for the costocentral joint of T9?
the superior costal demi-facets of T9 will joint with the inferior articular surfaces on the head of the ninth rib
the inferior costal demi-facets of T9 will joint with the superior articular surfaces on the head of the tenth rib
452
Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of T9 is larger?
the superior costal demi-facet
453
How does the superior costal demi-facet compare in size with those T2-T8?
it is larger
454
What feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen at T9?
the costocentral joint or ribs
455
What ligaments support the costocentral joint?
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
456
The costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments will attach to what features?
the head of the rib, the vertebral bodies of the vertebral couple and the intervertebral disc
457
What is the size relationship between the articulating surface on the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?
the rib surface is greater than the costal demi-face surface
458
What is present at the tip of the transverse process of T9?
the transverse tubercle
459
What is present on the transverse tubercle of T9?
the transverse costal facet
460
What is the rib - transverse process relationship for T9?
the ninth rib articulates with T9 transverse process
461
What is the orientation of the transverse costal facets for T9?
forward, outward, and upward
462
What is the classification of the costotransverse joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
463
What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
464
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T9?
the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
465
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T9?
intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
466
Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament of T9 support?
the tenth rib costotransverse joint
467
The superior costotransverse ligament of rib nine will attach to which vertebral feature?
the transverse process of T8
468
The superior costotransverse ligament of T9 will attach to which rib?
the tenth rib
469
The inferior costotransverse ligament of rib nine will attach to twhich vertebral feature?
the transverse process of T9
470
The inferior costotransverse ligament of T9 will attach to which rib?
the ninth rib
471
The lateral costotransverse ligament of rib nine will attach to which segmental bony feature?
the transverse process of T9
472
The lateral costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T9 attaches to which rib?
the ninth rib
473
What joint classification is associated with the intertransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
474
Which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9?
the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus, and levator costarum brevis
475
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T9?
they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
476
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T9?
they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
477
What is the joint classification of the articular facet joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
478
How many synovial joints are typically present at T9?
ten
479
Identify the synovial joint surfaces typically present on T9.
two superior costal demi-facets, two inferior costal demi-facets, two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets, and two transverse costal facets
480
How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are typically present on T9?
six
481
Identify the synovial joint surfaces for ribs that are typically present on T9.
two superior costal demi-facets, two inferior costal demi-facets, and two transverse costal facets
482
Which rib related facet may be absent on T9?
the inferior costal demi-facet
483
Which is the last thoracic vertebra to have an inferior costal demi-facet?
T9
484
What is the orientation of the spinous process of T9?
posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal
485
What is the length of the spinous process of T9?
it will shorten significantly from the long spinous process of T8
486
What is the generic appearance of the spinous process of T9?
shorter and more horizontal
487
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of T9?
the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
488
What joint classification is associated with ligaments attaching to the T9 spinous process?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
489
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T9?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis
490
Which muscles are conspicuously absent at the T9 spinous process?
spinalis and semispinalis
491
Which thoracic segments are considered the atypical thoracics?
T1, T9-T12
492
What is the height pattern of the T10 vertebral body?
the posterior height is greater than the anterior height by one to two millimeters
493
What is the height pattern of intervertebral discs in the thoracic region?
the intervertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights
494
What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body height differences
495
What is the direction of the anterior-posterior curve directions in the thoracic spine?
posterior
496
What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?
a kyphotic curve
497
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of T10?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
498
What joints are identified at the vertebral body of T1-?
vertebral body to the longitudinal ligaments at the epiphyseal rims
vertebral body to vertebral body via the intervertebral disc
vertebral body to head of a rib (costocentral joint)
499
What are the fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joints at the T10 vertebral body?
superior and inferior epiphyseal rims to anterior longitudinal ligament
superior and inferior epiphyseal rims to posterior longitudinal ligament
500
What are the cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joints at the T10 vertebral body?
superior and inferior epiphyseal rims to an intervertebral disc
501
What are the synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joints at the T10 vertebral body?
right and left superior costal demi-facets to inferior articular surface of the rib heads
502
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?
two
503
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T10?
two
504
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?
typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included
505
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body and rib?
typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
506
What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?
costocentral joint
507
How many costocentral joints are tyipcally formed at the vertebral body of T10?
two
508
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T10?
the right and left superior costal facet
509
Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?
inferior costal demi-facets
510
What is the relationship between the vertebral body surface and the rib head surface for the costocentral joint of T10?
the superior costal facet of T10 will joint with the inferior articular surface of the head of the tenth rib
511
What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the intervertebral foramen for the ninth thoracic nerve?
the inferior costal demi-facet of T9 may joint with the small superior articular surface of the head of the tenth rib
the superior costal facet of T10 will joint with the large inferior articular surface of the head of the tenth rib
512
What is the rib - vertebral body combinatiotypically present at the intervertebral foramenfor the tenth thoracic nerve?
the superior costal facet of T11 will joint with the articular surface of the head of the eleventh rib
513
What ligaments support the costocentral joint?
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligametn and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
514
The costocentral stellate/radiate ligametn will attach to waht features?
the head of the rib and the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disc at the costocentral joint
515
What does the costocentral intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc
516
What feature is very commonly observed on the lamina of T10?
para-articular processes
517
Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?
T10
518
What is present at the tip of the transverse process of T10?
the transverse tubercle
519
What is typically present on the trasnverse tubercle of T10?
the transverse costal facet
520
What part of the transverse process may be absent on T10?
the transverse costal facet
521
What is the rib - transverse process relationship for T10?
the tenth rib articulates with T10 transverse process
522
What is the orientation of the transverse costal facets for T10?
forward, outward, and upward
523
What is the classification of the costotransverse joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
524
What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
525
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T10?
the supeiror costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
