Viruses Flashcards by a a

viruses are cellular or acellular

acellular

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What do viruses contain

nucleic acids

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What are the fancy 3 letter word for viruses

obligate intracellular parasites

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why are they called obligate intracellular parsites?

because they require a host cell to replicate

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two states of virus’s existence

Extracellular and Intracellular

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Extracellular

a virus particle that has no metabolism and can be crystallized

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Intracellular

can take over host cell and only replicate themselves

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size of viruses

avrage 20 -1000nm

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how are viruses messured?

nanometers

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how many times microscope zoom for viruses

7000x

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what type of microscopes do they use?

electron microscope

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4 kinds of virus shapes

Helical, polyhedral and enveloped and bacteriphage

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Helical

capsid is arranged in a helical pattern

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Polyhedral

most commonly in a icosahedron (20 equilateral triangles)

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Enveloped

some surrounded by lipids proteins and carbohydrates

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capsid is arranged in a helical pattern

helical

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most commonly a icosahedron

Polyhedral

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some surrounded by lipids, proteins and carbohydrates

enveloped

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virus particle has no metabolism can be crystalized

extracellular

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can take over host cell and only replicate themselves

intracellular

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shape helical

sprials; microscope; lines

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polyhedral viruses

dnd dice; microscope; 6 sided with lines at each corner

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enveloped

covid

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dots on helical outside

protein subunits

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inside helical virus

RNA

dots of polyhedral virus outside

capsomere

inside of polyhedral virus

nucleic acid

shell of a polyhedral virus

capsid

virulent viruses

*Makes you sick right away! * Undergo a lytic cycle * Cause death/damage to host cell * Examples include: Flu, Colds, Mumps

virulent viruses

temperate viruses

* Undergo a lysogenic cycle * Herpes, HIV

temperate viruses

lytic cycle

viruses immediately replicate and destroy the host cell

lytic cycle

attachment aka

absorption

attachment

to host cell

penetration

where nucleic acid enters cell

absorption

attaches to host cell

absorption

attachment

replication

of viral nucleic acid to form viral proteins

assembly

copies combine to form mature viruses

release aka

lysis

lysis aka

release

hot cells lysed to release mature viruses

lysis

host cells lysed to release mature viruses

___ to host cell

attachment

attachment to host cell

absorption

where nucleic acid enters cell

penetration

___ of viral nucleic acid to form viral proteins

replication

copies combine to form mature viruses

assembly

host cell lysed to release mature viruses

release

lysogenic cycle

attachment, penetration and then viral dna atttaches and remains latent

stimuli that causes lytic cycle to begin

radiation, chemicals or stress triggers

what is the odd thing that temperate viruses do

when released take may take a small portion of the hosts dna and may introduce genes to new host (transduction

virus classification

based on disease they cause (poliovirus, influenza virus, HIV) designated by a greek letter (T4, phi 6, lamda) based on type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) can be devided based upon single or double stranded nucleic acids

Retrovirus

single strand of RNA serves as a template for DNA synthesis makes DNA using reverse transcriptase newly formed DNA combines with host DNA to become provirus(prophage)

interesting about rna viruses

viruses with RNA carry genes from generation to the next

Koch's Postulates

pathogen, innoculate, compare

immunity

ocures when body produces memory cells

Who and when and what disease 'first' (not really) demostrated immunity

Jenner 1796, with cowpox to prevent aginst small pox

viral transmition

air, food, water, touch (blood, shared needles, sexual intercorse)

Chlorea

diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration from fecesses, contaimated from water

Hepatitis

affects liver, jaundice, fatigue, from feces contaminated food and water

sneeze aerosols

cold, flu, TB

dirrect contact

HIV (sex, used needles, tainted blood) and herpes

pasture

(1885) created immunity against rabies

Rabies what nucleic acid?

RNA

what cause death in RAbies

brain swelling

HIV attacs what

helper T-cells, also macorphages, cells in lining of thymus and cerin mucous membrane cells

HIV first infection

flu like illnuss then recovery (fever, aches)

HIV after first infection

spreads killing T-cells decrease, no outward signs of trouble

AIDS amount

once number of helper T-cells fall below 200/ml (normal 700/ml) is onset of AIDS

how many HIV positive mothers pased it to children

25 to 35 percent

% during pregnacy

% during childbirth

40%

% during breast-feeding

plecenta

ineffective

antivirals

reduce 14-39% down to lower then 5%

antivirals problem

expensive

infection rate childbirth

10-20%

how reduce childbirth rates

c-section

breast feading infection rate

15% after 2 years of breast feeding