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Flashcards in Vision & Learning Deck (24)
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1
Q

T/F: A learning disability can be a direct result of a concomitant handicap, such as sensory impairment or intellectual disability.

A

FALSE FALSE FALSE!!! ***important - NOT a direct result.
-Learning disabilities are direct results of CNS abnormalities

-ALL FACTORS must be ID’d and should be attempted to fix.

2
Q

What law/act states that children with disabilities and their parents share the SAME legal right to a free and appropriate education as children W/O disabilities?

-It’s aged from birth-21, is evaluated by a multidisciplinary team, and ensures education will be the LEAST restrictive environment

A

IDEA - individuals with disabilities education act

3
Q

Which document is aged 3-21, and provides an INDIVIDUAL education plan based on the child’s disabilities?

A

IEP - individual education plan
-states current levels of academic performance, educational needs, and specifies goals required by law —> reviewed annually.

-IFSPs exist too (Individualized family service plan) - children birth to 3

4
Q

What is a psychoeducational evaluation? Who usually does it? How long does it take? What info can be acquired?

A
  • Eval performed to determine the CAUSE of academic/behavioral problems
  • certified school psychologist - 5-8 hours!!!! Appropriate referrals made afterwards (SLP, OD, Neuro, etc.) Can assess cognitive functioning too (IQ level)
5
Q

Mean IQ score? Two available IQ scales? What does a FULL-SCALE IQ score indicate?

A

100 +/- 15

Wechsler scale (WISC) - provides VERBAL and PERFORMANCE IQs
Stanford-Binet

FULL SCALE - indicative of what LEVEL of achievement you can expect from a child.

6
Q

On a Wechsler IQ scale, which assess VERBAL and PERFORMANCE scales, having a lower score on WHICH scale may indicate a visual processing issue, and potentially warrant an eye exam?

A

PERFORMANCE scale lower than verbal by ~12-15points

-visual perceptual testing recommended.

7
Q

What are the four components of ACADEMIC achievement when doing a psychoeducational eval?

A

Reading, writing, spelling, math

8
Q

MOST COMMON CAUSE of a learning disability?

A

READING disability.

Reading achievement falls substantially below what’s expected given age, intelligence, and age-appropriate education.

9
Q

Name the STAGES (6) of reading development, and the quick importance of each?

A

1) PRE-reading (birth-6) - parents read to kids
2) INITIAL reading (Preschool-Early elementary) T=”ta”
3) CONFIRMATION/FLUENCY (early elementary) -decoding, word recognition, increased vocab
4) NEW INFO (4th-8th grade) - expand vocab/background knowledge
5) MULTIPLE VIEWPOINTS (late middle-early high school) - complex
6) CONSTRUCTION/RECONSTRUCTION (late high/college) - reading for OWN needs and to create NEW knowledge.

10
Q

Two eye movements used in reading? Normal “span” of each?

A

Fixations: 3-4 letters to the left, 9 to the right (see what’s coming up)

Saccades: avg=8 characters when reading ahead
-backward saccades/regressions: used for comprehension/verification

11
Q

“Learning to read” occurs in which grades?

KEY elements NOT required at this stage? ***

A

Grades 1-3

ACCOMMODATION, BV NOT REQUIRED.

Focus is on VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT; characters are large enough/few enough that accomm/bv not required.

12
Q

“Reading to learn” Grades?

What becomes important (3 factors)?

A

Grades 4 and up

-ACCOMMODATION, BV, and OCULOMOTOR CONTROL important to prevent loss of place.

13
Q

Children w/ reading difficulty/dyslexia have problems with all of the following…

A
  • Phonological awareness (recognizing individual sounds)
  • decoding (sounding out)
  • encoding (spelling)
  • letter reversals
  • poor rapid naming
14
Q

Difference b/w DYSPHONETIC and DYSEIDETIC?

A

DYSPHONETIC: diff. SOUNDING OUT words - but can recognize by SIGHT

DYSEIDETIC: diff. Recognizing words by VISUAL APPEARANCE - but can sound out sounds (writes Laf for laugh)

15
Q

Children w/ reading disabilities have more trouble in the (Parvo/Magno) pathway?

A

MAGNO - quickly moving targets, low/middle SFs, MOTION.

-responsible for ORGANIZING NEXT SACCADE/erase previous fixation

16
Q

Name the “syndrome” that describes a perceptual dysfunction d/t difficulty w/ light source, luminance, wavelength, intensity, and color contrast?

  • What’s the suggestion to fix this?
  • Has the syndrome (or suggested Tx) been validated?
A

SCOTOPIC sensitivity syndrome/Meares-Irlin Syndrome

  • IRLEN (tinted) lenses/transparencies to eliminate discomfort
  • thought that if a kid benefits from them, he/she has underlying BV/Accomm/OMD problem

-***NO. NO SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE proving syndrome or treatment.

17
Q

What are some behavioral characteristics of ADHD?

Three clinical SUBTYPES of ADHD?

A
  • Hyperactivity
  • Impulsivity
  • Inattention/Distractability

1) Hyperactive-impulsive (less inattentive)
2) Inattentive (less hyperactive)
3) Combined (hyperactive AND inattentive) - MOST COMMON.

18
Q

REQUIREMENTS for a proper diagnosis of ADHD? (3)

A

Definition - behavior deemed inappropriate for pt age.

1) MUST occur before 7Y/O
2) MUST continue minimum of 6 MONTHS
3) MUST create handicap in at least 2 AREAS of kid’s life (school, playground, home, etc)

19
Q

Pharmacological treatment with ADHD meds (methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine) can cause what two major ocular S/Es?

A

Dopamine (thus sympathetic)agonists?

1) REDUCED ACCOMMODATION, 2) BLUR.
and Dry eye, AACG risk

20
Q

ADHD has overlapping symptoms compared to which BV disorder?

A

CI!!

-CI more prevalent in ADHD pts, kids w/ CI tend to have more ADHD symptoms! (Proven in CITT study)

21
Q

Children with Learning-Related vision problems also tend to have similar complaints (such as frequent reversal errors, losing place when reading, not performing to potential) to which with WHICH type of disability?

A

LEARNING disabilities!! Often similar/linked! Also have poor concentration, difficulty completing work on time, difficulty copying stuff from board.

22
Q

Two effects of WHICH two main factors may dramatically alter the appearance of how a child is doing in your exam chair compared to the classroom?

A

Effects of TIME and STRESS - will dramatically alter how a child “seems” in front of you vs. in the classroom.

23
Q

Do vision problems cause learning disabilities?

A

Once again –> NO. CNS abnormalities do.

24
Q

Technical definition of a “Learning Disability”?

A

HETEROGENOUS group of INTRINSIC disorders to an individual that are assumed to be due to CNS DYSFUNCTION.

Informal: not meeting expected goals/performing at expected level

-examples: Language (reading-dyslexia, writing-dysgraphia), reasoning (organizing/integrating thoughts), non-verbal (motor)