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Neuroscience > Visual System (Section 4) > Flashcards

Visual System (Section 4) Flashcards

0
Q

A thick, jelly-like semifluid found POSTERIOR to the lens

A

Vitreous humor

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1
Q

A thin, watery fluid found ANTERIOR to the lens

A

Aqueous humor

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2
Q

What is found between the lens and retina

A

Vitreous humor

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3
Q

What if found between the lens and cornea

A

Aqueous humor

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4
Q

What is important in maintaining the shape of the orbit

A

Vitreous humor

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5
Q

What supplies nutrients to the cornea and lens and why is this necessary?

A

Aqueous humor, There is no blood supply to this area

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6
Q

The white part of the eye

A

Sclera

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7
Q

What is the clear portion of the outer layer that is the non-adjustable “lens” of the eye

A

Cornea

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8
Q

Which layer of the eye contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Choroid

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9
Q

What structure is the pigmented portion of the eye

A

Iris

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10
Q

Pupillary constriction requires action what?

A

Parasympathetic component of CN III

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11
Q

Pupillary Dilation requires what type of activity

A

Sympathetic neurons from spinal cord T1 and T2

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12
Q

Lesions in T1 and T2 result in what?

A

Horner’s Syndrome

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13
Q

What suspends the lens?

A

Zonula fibers

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14
Q

What is the adjustment of the shape of the lens to make it more rounded

A

Accomodation

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15
Q

What part is the light-sensing part of the eye

A

Retina

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16
Q

Name the 3 interneurons located in the retina

A

Amacrine cells, Bipolar cells, Horizontal Cells

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17
Q

What do the interneurons of the retina do?

A

help to process the neural signals of the visual system

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18
Q

Rods are photoreceptors for what type of vision?

A

Black, White & gray vision

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19
Q

Cones are photoreceptors for what type of vision?

A

Color vision and high visual acuity

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20
Q

What photoreceptors are important for night vision?

A

Rods

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21
Q

Where is the photosensitive part of the photoreceptors

A

at the most distal end of the light path that enters the eye through the cornea

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22
Q

What are the most anterior of the cells in the retina

A

Retinal ganglion cells

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23
Q

What cell axons form the optic nerve?

A

Retinal ganglion cells

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24
Q

Once light strikes the rods and cones, it produces what type of a receptor potential

A

A graded receptor potential

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25
Q

No photoreceptors, ganglion cells, or other interneurons are present in this area of the retina

A

Optic disk

26
Q

What is the macula lutea

A

a region of the retina about 1cm in diameter that contains the fovea

27
Q

What is found in the fovea of the macula lutea

A

Rich in cones (no rods!)

28
Q

Where do the retinal ganglion cell axons of each optic tract terminate (synapse)?

A

In the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

29
Q

Axons arising from somas in the lateral geniculate nucleus project where?

A

Through the internal capsule as the optic radiation

30
Q

Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus terminate where?

A

The primary visual cortex

31
Q

Cuneus gyrus is what visual field

A

Inferior visual field

32
Q

Lingual gyrus is what visual field

A

Superior visual field

33
Q

A lesion of the axons in Meyer’s loop will cause what?

A

Contralateral superior quadrantanopia

34
Q

How are neurons in the visual cortex categorized?

A

According to:
Ocular dominance columns
Orientation columns
Color blobs

35
Q

What is the retinotectal pathway?

A

A combined visual and reflex pathway from retina to the superior colliculus in the midbrain tectum

36
Q

What is the Retinotectal Pathway important in?

A

Visual attention and detection of movement

37
Q

What does activating the neurons of the tectospinal pathway do?

A

The head may be oriented to a novel moving visual stimulus

38
Q

What is the path of the Retinohypothalamic Pathway

A

A subset of retinal ganglion cells project axons to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

39
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus found?

A

in a region above the optic chiasm

40
Q

The Retinohypothalamic pathway is inolved in what?

A

Circadian Rhythms

Sympathetic puillary dilation

41
Q

Response of stimulated eye during pupillary constriction reflex

A

Direct light response

42
Q

Unstimulated eye reflex during pupillary constriction

A

Consensual Light response

43
Q

Where do neurons from the optic nerve, chiasm, and optic tract pass to?

A

Pre-tectal nucleus

44
Q

Neurons from the Pretectal nucleus synapse where?

A

Bilaterally synapse with neurons in Edinger-Westphal nucleus

45
Q

What forms the parasympathetic component of CN III

A

Neurons in Pretectal nucleus synapse bilaterally with neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus

46
Q

Post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons from Ciliary ganglion do what?

A

Activate pupillary constrictor muscle of the iris bilaterally in response to the light stimulus

47
Q

Pupillary dilation reflex is involved in what syndrome?

A

Horner’s Syndrome

48
Q

Pathway of pupillary dilation?

A

Sympathetic axons from hypothalamus –> Synapse on T1 & T2 –> Axons from spinal cord to Superior Cervical ganglia –> Axons to Pupillary dilator muscle of Iris

49
Q

Accommodation-Convergence reflex involves what to bring an object into focus

A

Adjustments of the lens by action of the ciliary body

50
Q

Of the three reflexes, which has cortical involvement

A

Accommodation-Convergence reflex

51
Q

Midline lesion of optic chiasm can result in?

A

Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopsia (Tunnel vision)

52
Q

Interruption of the non-decussating optic tract fibers results in:

A

Ipsilateral Nasal Hemianopsia (Nasal visual field is lost on one side)

53
Q

Complete interruption of optic tract

A

contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (blindness in the field of vision contralateral to the lesion)

54
Q

Contralateral lower qudrantic anopsia is:

A

lesion of cuneus

55
Q

Visual deficits because of temporal lobe lesions affect what?

A

Axons of Meyer’s loop

56
Q

Uncal herniation through what notch causes what?

A

Through the tentorial notch causes compression of the midbrain resulting in fixed, dilated pupils, ptosis, and “down and out” eye
(CN III compression)

57
Q

Presbyopia

A

Loss of accommodation due to aging (near vision)

58
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Diabetes mellitus causes blood vessels of the retina to become leaky. Protein escapes into clear aqueous humor, making it cloudy

59
Q

Cataract

A

Opacity of the lens of the eye

60
Q

Scotoma

A

a blind spot sometimes due to small lesion in retina

61
Q

Scintillating Photoscotoma

A

blind spot dances or moves

62
Q

Contralateral homonymous superior quadantanopia

A

Temporal lobe lesions causing visual deficits

Neuroscience (15 decks)

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