Vitamins

Question 1

RDI means

Answer 1

Recommended Daily Intake.
Average amount of nutrient considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97–98% of healthy individuals in every demographic per day
This is a non-specific population based number. ‘two standard deviations away from the mean’

Question 2

EAR

Answer 2

Estimated Average Requirement. Expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group. Halfway (peak) of population.
Lies in the marginal deficiency zone.

Question 3

AI

Answer 3

Average Intake. Used when you have limited/inconsistent data and RDI and EAR.

Question 4

NRV

Answer 4

Nutrient Reference Values. Extremely complicated

Naive View: Danger > RDI > safety
Accurate View: danger of deficiency > marginal > safety> RDI/AI > safety > marginal > danger of toxicity

Question 5

How do you find peoples needed nutrient intakes, why is this hard?

Answer 5

You need to completely remove it, in doing so often removing entire food group/s, and then gradually increase until optimal health

Question 6

Above RDI/AI

Answer 6

margin of safety > margin of toxicity > danger of toxicity

Question 7

Below RDI/AI

Answer 7

margin of safety > margin of deficiency > danger of deficiency

Question 8

List the water soluble Vitamins..

Answer 8

" I want to B by the C to see Fish Bitch"
B vitamins
Vitamin C
Folate
Biotin

Question 9

List the fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 9

“DrAKE”

vitamins D, A, K, E

Question 10

Water soluble
Absorption:
Transport:
Storage:
Excretion:
Toxicity
Requirements:

Answer 10

Absorption: directly into blood
Transport: freely in blood
Storage: circulate in water-filled areas
Excretion: via kidneys (detect excess) in urine
Toxicity: possible with supplements
Requirements: Frequent doses every 1-3 days

Question 11

Fat Soluble
Absorption:
Transport:
Storage:
Excretion:
Toxicity:
Requirements:

Answer 11

Absorption: > lymph > blood
Transport: often require protein carriers
Storage: stored in cells associated with fat
Excretion: tends to remain in storage
Toxicity; likely to reach, especially with supplements
Requirements: rarely, months

Question 12

Factors affecting bioavailability (think broccoli)

Answer 12

Health status
Previous nutrient intake
Food/prep (boiling loses nutrients)
Other foods consumed simultaneously
source: synthetic/natural
Effectiveness of digestion/transit time

Question 13

B vitamins

Answer 13

"The Really Nice Pitapit Comes w Falafel"
Thiomin 1
Riboflavin 2
Niacin 3
Pyridaxine 6
Cobalamin 12
Folate 19
Pantothenic acid 5
Biotin 7

Question 14

What will a deficiency of B vitamins affect?

Answer 14

A large number of systems, energy production and the ability to produce specific aa.

Question 15

Thiamine (B1) is involved in?

Answer 15

Glycolysis: pyruvate»»> actyl coA (via TPP)

Conversion of keto acids: Some aa&raquo_space; some aa (via TPP)

Question 16

Specifically what will a deficiency of thiamine lead to. What is this called?

Answer 16

• decreased energy production and specific aa
  -decreased hormone production
  Wet Beriberi and Dry Beriberi

Question 17

Wet Beriberi Symptoms

Answer 17

due to thiamine deficiency. ‘wet’ (edema)

• swelling/ oedema
• tachycardia
• lung congestion
• congestive heart failure

CVD
You can press hole into skin

Question 18

Dry Beriberi Symptoms

Answer 18

pain/tingling (dermititis)
Loss of sensation of hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy)
muscle wasting (loss of lower extremity function)
brain damage/ death

NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE

Question 19

Where is beriberi endemic? Apart from wet/dry what other beriberi exists

Answer 19

in countries that use rice as a staple food source, and the rice is refined (husk removed), and you lose the thiamine.

Also in prisons

Infant Beriberi exists

Question 20

In the western world, what is the main cause of thiamine deficiency. What does this lead to?

Answer 20

Alcoholism. Because its involved in removal of alcohol from liver and carb metabolism.

Wernicke-encephalopathy: alcohol related brain-damage. Language, walking issues, unusual eye movement.

Korsakoff Syndrome: amnesia, inability to learn, confabulation

Question 21

How does folate (B9) occur. How is it absorbed?

Answer 21

Naturally as polyglutamate
fortified foods and supplements as monoglutamate

in the intestines, digestion breaks glutamates off and adds a methyl group. Folate absorbed and delivered to ce;;s/

Question 22

Folate deficiency and B12

Answer 22

will decrease

Question 23

Folate deficiency causes

Answer 23

1) Megoblastic anaemia- large, unorganised, disrupted shape
2) Neural Tube Defects- mainly spina bifida. CNS developed early ~5-8 weeks.
mothers need folate EARLY (4wk before, 12wks after)
3) Elevated risk of cancer and CVD

Question 24

Spina Bifida

Answer 24

inability of spinal cord to completely close off. Spinal cord on the outside of the body. Leads to paralysis of lower limbs

Question 25

Causes of low folate

Answer 25

1) Low dietary intake (green leafy) 2) Low intestinal absorption 3) High alcohol intake > decreased absorption 4) Pregnancy = increased folate required for GROWTH

Question 26

How much/why do women need folate during pregnancy? Why does this often not occur?

Answer 26

800 micrograms 4 wks prior 5000micrograms 12 wks post due to an increased growth. To avoid NTD NZ= 12-14 per 10,000 countries w mandatory fortification= 7-9 per 10,000 BUT women often don't know they're pregnant! (50% unplanned pregnancies)

Question 27

% of women using folate for planned vs unplanned pregnancies

Answer 27

Unplanned: 9% Planned: 58%

Question 28

How does vitamin A and Beta-carotene aid vision

Answer 28

``` Retinyl ester (animal) > retinol Beta-carotene (plant) > retinal ``` Retinol retinal > retinoic acid 1) light enters eye, hits pigments at back of eye 2) Rhodopsin absorb (opsin + cis-retinal) 3) cis-retinal > trans-retinal which triggers a nerve impulse to brain, we see light

Question 29

Night vision if impaired with a deficiency of

Answer 29

Vitamin A

Question 30

skin bumps, redness caused by vitamin A deficiency is called?

Answer 30

Deficiency syndrome keratinisation

Question 31

Vitamin a and the mucosal membrane?

Answer 31

Maintain healthy cells, without, the normal structure and function of these mucosal cells is impaired.

Question 32

Beta-carotene is?

Answer 32

Precursor of Vitamin A, changed to vitamin A in the body (retinol)

Question 33

Vitamin A toxicity can occur by? Can this be reversed?

Answer 33

Beta-carotene: overconsumption, inefficient conversion (yellow skin) Can be reversed as BC is water soluble Retinol: overconsumption of supplements (liver damage)

Question 34

Types of vitamin D

Answer 34

Calciferol 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (active hydroxylated) Vitamin D3 (animal) Vitamin D2 (plant)

Question 35

Precursor of vitamin D

Answer 35

bodies own cholesterol, precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol made in liver

Question 36

How do we get vitamin D from 'sunlight'

Answer 36

7-dehydrocholesterol > (UV) > pre-vitamin D3 (+foods) > inactive vitamin D3 > 25-hydoxyvitamin D3 (liver) > 1, 25 dehydroxyvitamin D3 (kidneys

Question 37

Main food sources of vitamin D? RDI?

Answer 37

RDI= 400units/day cod liver oil salmon sardines

Question 38

Function of Vitamin D?

Answer 38

important for Calcium > muscle and bone growth/development Regu;ates BP and insulin Regulates cell growth and immune function

Question 39

Vitamin D deficiency results in... Who is most at risk, and when

Answer 39

1) Rickets: children, bowlegging due to poor bone formation around weight-bearing time 2) osteomalacia: adults Risk for: recent migrantsm darker skin, religions that cover skin also during winter months

Question 40

Who needs Vitamin/ mineral supplements?

Answer 40

Poor nutrient intake (elderly, dieters, adolescents, vegetarians) – Increased nutrient requirements (children, pregnancy/ lactation) – Increased metabolic demands (surgery/trauma/fracture) – Maldigestion or malabsorption (liver disease, GI, diarrhea) – Drug-nutrient interactions (prednisone/vit D, diuretics/K,Mg) – Medical treatment interactions (chemo/radiation)