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RD EXAM > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Thiamin (B1):
Properties, Function and Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- lost in an alkaline environment and high temp

Function:
- CHO oxidation
- pyruvate metabolism

Deficiency symptoms:
- Beri beri
- Wernicke-Korsakoff
- memory loss, muscle weakness, foot drop
- decreased erythrocyte transketolase
- increased plasma pyruvate

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2
Q

What are some sources of thiamin?

A

Grains
Wheat
Germ
Pork
Liver
Turkey

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3
Q

Riboflavin (B2):
Properties, Function, Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- lost in UV light (the reason milk containers are opaque during processing)

Function:
- energy released from protein
- RBC formation

Deficiency symptoms:
- growth failure
- cheilosis: cracked mouth
- stomatitis: cracked sides of mouth, sore throat
- magenta tongue

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4
Q

Niacin (B3):
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- tryptophan = precursor
- essential in all cells for energy metabolism
- high intake causes flushing

Functions:
- metabolism of CHO, protein, fat

Deficiency symptoms:
- thick beefy red tongue
- Pellagra aka four D’s (dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, death)
- Petechiae aka deficiency of niacin, EFAs, vit C
- rash in the sunlight

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5
Q

What are some sources of riboflavin?

A

Kidney
Liver
Yeast
Milk

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6
Q

What are some sources of niacin?

A

Protein
Peanuts
Rice
Ready to eat cereals
Yeast
Milk
Chicken

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7
Q

Pantothenic Acid (B5):
Function, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Function:
- coenzyme A - energy
- synthesis of fatty acids

Deficiency symptoms:
- rare deficiency
- paresthesia in foot

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8
Q

What are some sources of pantothenic acid?

A

animal foods, grains, legumes

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9
Q

Pyridoxine (B6):
Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms

A

Properties:
- INH-ioniazid = B6 antagonist

Functions:
- coenzyme in AA metabolism (deamination, transamination)

Deficiency symptoms:
- dermatitis
- glossitis
- seizures
- anemia
- peripheral neuropathy

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10
Q

What are some sources of pyridoxine?

A

Pork, meat
Liver
Corn
Wheat
Yeast
Ready to eat cereals

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11
Q

Biotin (B7):
Properties, functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- made by intestinal bacteria
- inactivated by avidin (protein in raw egg whites)

Functions:
- coenzyme in FA synthesis
- converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis

Deficiency symptoms:
- muscle pain
- dermatitis
- glossitis

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12
Q

What are some sources of biotin?

A

Yeast
Egg yolk
Liver
Kidney

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13
Q

Folate (B9):
Properties, functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- PABA is a precursor
- zinc dependent

Functions:
- DNA synthesis
- RBC production in bone marrow
- Helps prevent NTD (spina bifida)

Deficiency Symptoms:
- megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
- diarrhea
- fatigue
- irritability
- dyspnea

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14
Q

What are some sources of folate?

A

fortified cereals, liver, citrus fruits, green leafy veggies

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15
Q

Cyanocobalamin (B12):
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- contains cobalt
- bound by IF in gastric juices

Functions:
- coenzyme in protein synthesis
- forms RBC

Deficiency symptoms:
- megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
- pernicious anemia d/t reduced IF s/p gastrectomy

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16
Q

What are some sources of B12?

A

meat, dairy, eggs

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17
Q

Vitamin K:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- synthesized by bacteria in the lower intestinal tract
- no toxicity symptoms

Functions:
- helps with blood coagulation via production of prothrombin in the liver
- given pre-surgery
- Ca metabolism

Deficiency symptoms:
- hemorrhage
- affected by mineral oil + anticoagulants

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18
Q

What are some sources of vitamin K?

A

dark leafy veggies

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19
Q

Vitamin E:
Properties, Functions and Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins
- UL = 1000 mg

Functions:
- antioxidant
- works against hemolysis of RBC

Deficiency Symptoms:
- hemolytic anemia

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20
Q

What are some sources of vitamin E?

A

vegetable oil (cottonseed), green veggies, almonds

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21
Q

Vitamin D:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

A

Properties:
- cholesterol is a precursor

Functions:
- Ca and P metabolism
(promotes Ca absorption in the gut)

Deficiency Symptoms:
- rickets and osteomalacia

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22
Q

What are some sources of vitamin D?

A

Fortified milk
Egg yolks
Mushrooms
Sunlight

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23
Q

Vitamin A:
Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms

Study These Flashcards
A

Properties:
- pro-vitamin, carotene precursor
- toxic level = 10,000 microg

Functions:
- helps with vision and skin

Deficiency Symptoms:
- night blindness
- corneal damage
- bitots spots
- dry, scaly skin

24
Q

What are some sources of vitamin A?

Study These Flashcards
A

yellow/orange fruits
green leafy veggies

25
What are some fat-soluble supplements that you should take with oils or fats to enhance absorption?
ADEK, CoQ10, omega-3s, curcumin
26
Vitamin C: Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms
Properties: - most easily destroyed - antioxidant destroyed by heat, alkaline pH, oxidation Functions: - makes collagen - wound healing - aids iron absorption Deficiency symptoms: - scurvy - poor wound healing - bleeding gums - petechiae
27
What are some sources of vitamin C?
citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark green and yellow veggies
28
Iron: Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms
Properties: - trace mineral - part of hemoglobin Functions: - oxygen transport Deficiency symptoms: - pale tongue - pale conjunctivae - fatigue, anemia - spoon-shaped nails - pica - excess zinc supplementation
29
What are some sources of iron?
Heme (any protein WITH blood) Non-heme (any protein source WITHOUT blood)
30
Chromium: Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms
Properties: - absorption enhanced by vitamin C and B3 Functions: - aids insulin action - glucose metabolism Deficiency symptoms: - insulin resistance
31
What are some sources of chromium?
Potatoes Oyster Yeast Liver
32
Copper: Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms
Properties: - attached to protein Functions: - Hemoglobin synthesis - aids iron absorption Deficiency symptoms: - microcytic anemia - neutropenia - Wilson's disease - low serum Cu - excess zinc supplementation
33
What are some sources of copper?
liver, kidney, shellfish
34
Calcium: Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms
Properties: - most abundant mineral - regulated by PTH - vit D, acid and lactose aid absorption Functions: - blood clotting - cardiac function - nerve transmission - smooth muscle contractility Deficiency symptoms: - hypocalcemia --> tetany (muscle spasms)
35
What are some sources of calcium?
dairy, leafy veggies and legumes
36
Phosphorus: Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms
Properties: - 2nd most abundant mineral - part of DNA, RNA and ATP Functions: - phospholipids transport fat through lymph and blood - in bones and teeth Deficiency symptoms: - rare - excess = itching, darkening of skin, fractures (chronic)
37
What are some sources of phosphorus?
meat, dairy, fish, eggs, inorganic processed foods with phos additives
38
Magnesium: Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms
Properties: - part of chlorophyll - 50% in bones, 50% in cells Functions: - protein and FA synthesis - stabilizes structure of ATP - high protein, Ca, Vit D increases need Deficiency symptoms: - rare, tremors
39
What are some sources of Magnesium? Which sources have the most amount of Mg?
milk, bread, chocolate Seeds and nuts have the most amount of Mg
40
Myo-Inositol: Properties, Functions
Properties: - in plants as phytic acid - related to sugar - contains Phos -vitamin-like factor Functions: - binds Ca, zinc, iron - part of the membrane structure
41
What are some sources of myo-inositol?
leafy green veggies, other husks of cereals
42
Selenium: Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms
Properties: - cooperates with vitamin E Functions: - antioxidant - tissue respiration Deficiency symptoms: - myalgia - cardiac myopathy
43
What are some sources of selenium?
soil, grains, poultry, fish, dairy
44
Manganese: Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms
Properties: - trace mineral Functions: - CNS Deficiency symptoms: - rare
45
What are some sources of manganese?
whole grains, legumes, nuts
46
Sulfur: Properties, Functions
Properties: - part of AAs cysteine, homocysteine and methionine Functions: - component of organic molecules
47
Choline: Properties, Functions
Properties: - components of lecithin Functions: - transports lipids as acetylcholine
48
Zinc: Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms
Properties: - trace mineral - excess leads to Cu or iron deficiency Functions: - increases taste acuity - enhances insulin action - stabilizes DNA, RNA and cell division - important for wound healing and healthy nails Deficiency symptoms: - reduced immune function - hair loss/alopecia - poor wound healing - hypogeusia - sign of growth retardation - sexual immaturity in adolescents - BEAU'S LINES
49
What are some sources of zinc? What minerals decrease its absorption?
Fish Liver Oysters Meat Eggs **phytates and Cu decrease absorption**
50
Iodine: Properties, Deficiency symptoms
Properties: - trace mineral - part of thyroxine Deficiency symptoms: - goiter
51
What are some sources of iodine?
seafood, iodized salt, dairy
52
Fluoride: Properties, Functions, Deficiency symptoms
Properties: - trace mineral Functions: - teeth, bones Deficiency symptoms: - dental caries - excess - fluorosis (brown stains)
53
What are some sources of fluoride?
soil, water
54
Potassium: Properties, Functions, Deficiency Symptoms
Properties: - electrolyte Functions: - conducts nerve impulses - muscle contractions Deficiency symptoms: - hypokalemia
55
What are some sources of potassium?
potato, oranges, tomato, avocado, soybeans, spinach, bananas, apricots
56
How is vitamin D broken down in the body? (Different stages, places, etc.) Which form of vit D is the main indicator of vit D status? Which is the active form of vit D?
Skin: 7 dehydrocholesterol + SUN = cholecalciferol Liver: cholecalciferol + liver = 25(OH)D "calcidiol" - **main indicator of vit D status** Kidney: calcidiol --> 1,25(OH)2D "calcitriol" - **active form**
57
What is the difference between enriched and fortified?
Enriched: mostly B vitamins (bc they're lost faster) added to the food like cereals Fortified: vitamin and minerals added to the food bc it didn't originally have it

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