Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Physiologically most important Vitamin A metabolite
A
Retinoic acid
2
Q
Most characteristic and specific signs of vit A deficiency are
A
Eye lesions
3
Q
Vit A deficiency: Caused by absence of retinal pigment rhodopsin
A
Night blindness
4
Q
Vit A deficiency: Dry, scaly layer of cells in the cornea
A
Xerophthalmia
5
Q
Vit A deficiency: Characeristic lesion
A
Xerophthalmia
6
Q
Vit A deficiency: Development of plaques after the conjunctiva keratinizes
A
Bitot spots
7
Q
Vitamin B1
A
Thiamine
8
Q
Vitamin B2
A
Riboflavin
9
Q
Vitamin B3
A
Niacin
10
Q
Vitamin B6
A
Pyridoxine
11
Q
Vitamin B12
A
Cobalamin
12
Q
Vitamin that serves as cofactor for several enzymes in CARBOHYDRATE metab
A
B1
13
Q
Vitamin that is part of the structure of coenzymes that participate in REDOX reactions and energy production via the mitochondrial respiratory chain
A
B2
14
Q
Vitamin that forms part of 2 cofactors, NAD and NADP in the respiratory chain, FATTY ACID, and STEROID synthesis, cell diff, and DNA processing
A
B3
15
Q
Vitamin that functions as coenzymes in AMINO ACID metab and steroid action
A
B6
16
Q
Vitamin that serves as cofactor for isomerization of methylmalonyl Co-A to succinyl CoA
A
B12
17
Q
Vitamin that is important for synthesis of collagen at the level of hydroxylation of lysine and proline in precollagen
A
Vitamin C
18
Q
Vitamin that is required for the synthesis of GABA and Ach for nerve conduction
A
B1
19
Q
Vitamin that can be synthesized from tryptophan in the diet
A
B3
20
Q
Vitamin that is almost exclusively from animal foods
A
B12
21
Q
Vitamin deficiency: Associated with diet consisting of polished rice
A
B1 (oriental beriberi)
22
Q
Vitamin deficiency: Peripheral neuritis, decreased DTRs, loss of vibration sense, tenderness and cramping of leg musculature, CHF, psychic distrubances
A
B1 (beriberi)
23
Q
Vitamin deficiency: Wernicke enceph
A
B1 (beriberi: mental status changes, ocular signs, ataxia)
24
Q
Vitamin deficiency: Angular cheilosis in a malnourished child
A
B2
25
Vitamin deficiency: Glossitis, keratitis, conjunctivitis, photophobia, lacrimation, corneal vasculatization, seb derm
B2
26
Vitamin deficiency: Pellagra
B3
27
Vitamin deficiency: Occurs in population where corn is the major foodstuff
B3 (Pellagra)
28
Vitamin deficiency: Glycine metab can lead to oxaluria
B6
29
Vitamin deficiency: Risk increased in persons taking INH, penicillamine, steroids, and anticonvulsants
B6 (vitamin B6 inhibitors)
30
Vitamin deficiency: Strict vegetarian or vegan diets
B12
31
Vitamin deficiency: Pernicious anemia due to intrinsic factor deficiency
B12
32
Vitamin deficiency: Scurvy
Vitamin C
33
Vitamin deficiency: Leg swelling and pseudoparalysis, subperiosteal hemorrhages in the lower limb bones
Vitamin C
34
Vitamin deficiency: Rickets
Vitamin D
35
Vitamin deficiency: Craniotabes
Vitamin D
36
Vitamin deficiency: Hemolysis and neurologic manifestations
Vitamin E
37
Vitamin deficiency: Low erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETKA) and high thiamine pyrophosphate effect (TTPE)
B1
38
Vitamin deficiency: Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death, photosensitivity
B3 (classic pellagra triad: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia)
39
Vitamin deficiency: Peripheral neuritis is a feature of deficiency in adults
B6
40
Vitamin deficiency: Seen in ileal resections due to Crohn's disease
B12
41
Vitamin deficiency: Rosary at costochondral junction
Vitamin C
42
Vitamin deficiency: Typical radiographic changes occur at distal ends of long bones
Vitamin C
43
Vitamin deficiency: Horizontal depression along lower anterior chest
Vitamin D (Harrison groove)
44
Vitamin deficiency: Rachitic changes most easily visualized on PA radiographs of wrist
Vitamin D
45
Vitamin deficiency: Primary deficiency rare except in premature infants and severe, generalized malnutrition
Vitamin E
46
Vitamin deficiency: Shafts of long bones have ground-glass appearance due to trabecular atrophy
Vitamin C
47
Vitamin deficiency: Pencil outlining of diaphysis and epiphysis
Vitamin C
48
Vitamin deficiency: Disease of growing bone and occurs in children only before fusion of the epiphyses
Vitamin D (Rickets)
49
Vitamin deficiency: Edge of metaphysis loses its sharp border (fraying)
Vitamin D
50
Vitamin deficiency: Irregular but thickened white line at the metaphysis representing the zone of well-calcified cartilage
Vitamin C (White line of Frenkel)
51
Vitamin deficiency: Edge of metaphysis changes from a convex or flat surface to a more concave surface (cupping)
Vitamin D
52
Vitamin deficiency: More specific but late radiographic feature is a zone of refraction under the white line at the metaphysis
Vitamin C (Trumerfed zone)
53
Vitamin deficiency: Hemolysis during the 2nd month of life in premature infants
Vitamin E
54
3 forms of vitamin K-deficiency bleeding
1) Classic HDN/sec to low stores of Vit K at birth 2) Late VKDB 3) At birth or shortly thereafter/sec to maternal intake of meds that cross placenta and interfere with vit K function
55
Vit K deficiency bleeding: Occurs mostly in breastfed infants on days 1-14
Classic HDN
56
Characteristic sign of beriberi
Hoarseness or aphonia caused by paralysis of laryngeal nerve
57
2 types of beriberi
Dry/neuritic and wet/cardiac
58
Death in beriberi is usually secondary to
Cardiac involvement
59
Site of absorption of Vit B12
Ileum
60
Necessary for Vit B12 absorption
Intrinsic factor
61
Site of absorption of Vit C
Upper small intestine
62
Most potent compound of Vit E
α-tocopherol
63
Main form of vitamin E in humans
α-tocopherol
64
Thiamine can be retained in rice by
Parboiling (steaming rice in the husk before milling)
65
Children with cardiac failure, convulsions, or coma from B1 deficiency should be given
10mg thiamine IM or IV daily for the 1st week, then 3-5mg orally for at least 6 weeks
66
Most characteristic manifestation of pellagra
Dermatitis
67
Important confirmatory test for vit B3 deficiency
Rapid clinical response to niacin
68
Cofactor for enzymes in CAROBXYLATION reactions within and outside the mitochondria
BBiotin
69
Known biotin antagonist found in egg whites
Avidin
70
Anticonvulsant that can cause biotin deficiency
Valproic acid
71
Mineral known for its role in DNA and RNA synthesis
Folate
72
Indicator of chronic folate deficiency
RBC folate
73
T/F Hematologic manifestations of B12 deficiency is similar to folate deficiency
T
74
MCC of rickets
Vit D deficiency
75
Technically not a vitamin because it can be synthesized in skin epithelial cells
Vitamin D
76
Humoral mediator that decreases renal tubular absorption of phosphate and decreases activity of renal 1α-hydroxylase
Phosphatonin
77
Type of rickets: Mutation in gene encoding renal 1α-hydroxylase
Vit D-dependent rickets type 1
78
Type of rickets: Mutation in gene encoding vitamin D receptor
Vit D-dependent rickets type 2
79
Actions of 1,25-D
1) Increase intestinal absorption of Ca 2) Bone resorption 3) Suppress PTH secretion
80
1α-hydroxylase is upregulated by
PTH and hypophosphatemia
81
Most well-characterized phosphatonin
FGF-23
82
T/F Overproduction of phosphatonin may cause rickets
T
83
80% of transfer of calcium and phosphorus to the fetus occurs during
3rd trimester
84
T/F Children with light complexion are at increased risk for Vitamin D deficiency because of decreased cutaneous synthesis
F, increased skin pigmentation
85
Ensures rapid cure for Vitamin C deficiency
Supplements of 100-200mg/day
86
Amount of vitamin C that can cause GI problems
>2g/day
87
Most abundant circulating form of vitamin D
25-hydroxyvitamin D
88
Recommended upper limits for long term vit D intake
1000IU <1y/o, 2000IU for older children and adults
89
Dominant mechanism for hypercalcemia in hypervitaminosis D
Excessive bone resorption
90
Signs and symptoms of hypervitaminosis D are secondary to
Hypercalcemia
91
Mineral deficiency: Periorificial dermatitis, conjunctivitis, thinning of hair, alopecia
Biotin
92
Mineral deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia
Folate
93
Mineral deficiency: Hypersegmentation of neutrophils
Folate
94
Mineral deficiency: Polyostic fibrous dysplasia, hyperpigmented macules, polyendocrinopathy
Phosphorus (McCune Albright Syndrome)
95
Mineral deficiency: Epidermal nevus syndrome
Phosphorus
96
Mineral deficiency: Neurofibromatosis
Phosphorus
97
Mineral deficiency: Fractures and softening of ribs leading to decreased chest compliance, atelectasis, poor ventilation and respiratory distress at <5 weeks after birth
Calcium and phosphorus (rickets of prematurity)
98
Serum phos in rickets of prematurity
Low or low-normal
99
Serum calcium in rickets of prematurity
Low, normal, or high
100
Suspected in infants with ALP 5-6x upper limit of normal or phosphorus <5.6mg/dL
Rickets of prematurity
101
Vitamin Excess: Hypercalcemia + elevated serum 25-D level
Vitamin D
102
MC site of bleeding in classic HDN
GIT, mucosal and cutaneous tissue, umbilical stump, post-circumcision type
103
Onset of late VKDB
2-12 weeks up to 6 months
104
Almost all cases of late VKDB occurs in what population
Breastfed infants
105
MC site of late onset VKDB
Intracranial
106
T/F In VKDB, prolonged PT corrects rapidly after administration of Vitamin K
T, PT decreases within 6 hrs and normalizes within 24h
107
Vit K dependent clotting factor with the shortest half-life and is the first factor affected in Vitamin K deficiency
VII
108
Oral or parenteral Vit K prevents what type of VKDB
Early VDKBB
109
Universally effective in preventing late VKDB
Single IM administration of 1mg vitamin K
110
Mineral deficiency: Populations in inland areas
Iodine
111
Mineral deficiency: Keshan cardiomyopathy
Selenium
112
Mineral deficiency: Menkes disease
Copper (mutation in gene encoding for protein that facilitates intestinal absorption)
113
Mineral deficiency: Acrodermatitis enteropathica
Zinc
114
Mineral deficiency: Seen in individuals with diets rich in phytates
Zinc (binds zinc, impairing its absorption)
115
T/F Boiling milk destroys vitamin B1
T
116
Vitamin deficiency: Nasolabial seborrhea
B2, B6
117
Vitamin deficiency: Posterior lateral spinal column disease
B12
118
Vitamin deficiency: Vitiligo
B12
119
Vitamin deficiency: Fish tapeworm infection
B12
120
Mineral deficient in goat's milk that results in anemia
Folate
121
T/F Heat inactivates folate
T
122
Vitamin that may improve tyrosine metabolism in preterm infants
Ascorbic acid
123
Vitamin deficiency: Elevated PIVKA
Vitamin K
124
Vitamin deficiency: Seen in exclusively breasted infants
Vitamin K
125
Vitamin excess: Chronic elevation is teratogenic
Vitamin A
126
Vitamin excess: Consumption of polar bear liver
Vitamin A
127
Vitamin excess: Antagonism of Vitamin K
Vitamin E
128
Vitamin excess: Improve libido
Vitamin E
129
Vitamin excess: Schizophrenia
B1
130
Mineral deficiency: Spoon nails
Iron
131
Mineral deficiency: Reduced muscle and mental performance
Iron
132
Anemia in copper deficiency
Hypochromic
133
Mineral deficiency: Seen in long-term TPN
Selenium
134
Functions as insulin cofactor
Chromium
135
Types of cretinism: Aka congenital hypothyroidism
Myxedematous cretinism
136
Types of cretinism: Mental retardation, deafness, spasticity, normal thyroxine at bbirth
Neurologic cretinism
