Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology and Tumors > Vitreous/Retina/Uvea > Flashcards

Vitreous/Retina/Uvea Flashcards

1
Q

The vitreous attaches most firmly where?

A

Vitreous base - extends more posteriorly with advancing age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the primary vitreous?

A

Fibrillar material, meschymal cells, and vascular components: the hyaloid artery, vasa hyaloidea propria, and tunica vasculosa lentos.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is secondary vitreous?

A

Begins to form at the nineth week destine to become the MAIN portion of the vitreous in the adult eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is teritary vitreous?

A

zonular fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Asteriod bodies stain with what and are made up of what?

A

Neutral fat, phospholipids, calcium; alcian blue, metachromatic and exhibit bifringence. Asteriod bodies can be surrounded by a foreign body giant cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the water shed area of the retina?

A

Inner nuclear layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does retina blood supply?

A

Up to the inner 2/3 of the inner nuclear layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does choroidal circulation supply?

A

Outer 1/3 of the inner nuclear layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 8 functions of the RPE?

A
  1. Vit A metabolism
  2. Formation of the basal lamina of the inner portion of Bruch’s membrane
  3. Production of the mucopolyscarride matrix that surrounds the photoreceptor outer segments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In oculocutaneous albinism what is seen on histology?

A

Amount of melanin in each melanosome is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In ocular albinism what is seen on histology?

A

The number of mealosomes is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mylinated NFL is a/w what?

A
  1. Myopia
  2. Amblyopia
  3. Strabismus
  4. Nystagmus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is reticular peripheral cystoid degeneration found ?

A

NFL and more posterior to areas of TPCD - typical periphearl cystoid degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some histological characteristics for Lattice degeneration?

A
  1. Discontinuity of the ILM
  2. Sclerosed vessels that remain PATENT
  3. Variable degrees of atrophy of the INNER layers of the retina.
  4. RD as a result of vitreous adhesions at the MARGIN of LD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In Pavingstone degeneration what do you see?

A

Inner nuclear layer is adherent to Bruch’s membrane b/c occlusion of the choriocapillaris can lead to loss of the outer retinal layers and RPE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are cystoid bodies?

A

Localized accumulations of axoplasmic material that are present in ischemic infarcts of the NFL (ischemic damage to the nerve fibers of the ganglion cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CWS take how long to resolve?

A

4-12 weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Henle’s layer is where?

A

Outer plexiform layer of the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chronic retinal ischemia leads to architectural changes in the retina. Adjacent to acellular capillaries, what forms?

A

Dilated irregular vascular channels = IRMA and microaneurysms often appear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a micro aneurysm histologically?

A

Hyalinized hypocelluar ma’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Carotid vascular dx forms what type of plaque?

A

Hollenhorst - cholesterol emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cardiac vascular dx causes what type of plaque?

A

calcific emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Thromboembolism forms what type of plaque?

A

platelet-fibrin emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are histoloical changes seen in DR?

A
  1. Thickening of the retinal capillary BM
  2. SELECTIVE loss of pericytes compared with retinal capillary endothelial cells
  3. CORNEAL epithelial BM is thickened.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What histologically does NOT develop in ROP?

A

Retinal edema and exudates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 5 AREDS vitamins?

A
  1. Vit C
  2. Vit E
  3. Beta cartone
  4. Zinc
  5. Copper
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Type 1 CNV is located where and a/w what?

A

Within Bruch’s membrane in the sub-RPE space; more characteristic of AMD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Type 2 CNV is located where and a/w what?

A

Sub retinal and a/w ocular histoplasmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The ABCA4 gene is Stargardts codes what?

A

RIM protein which helps in ATPase binding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the most common mutation a/w pattern dystrophies?

A

RDS/peripherin gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the incidence of RP?

A

1/3500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What type of gene is the retinoblastoma gene?

A

TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are histological findings of RB?

A
  1. Tumor cells surrounding blood vessels
  2. Zones of tumor necrosis
  3. Calcium present in necrotic areas
  4. Nuclei 2x the size of lymphocytes with amount no cytoplasm.
  5. Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes - expressions of retinal differentiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes look like?

A

Cells of rosettes surround a CENTRAL LUMEN lined by refractile structures. Refracticle lining corresponds to the EXTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In what 4 dx are Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes seen in?

A
  1. RB
  2. Pinealoblastoma
  3. Medulloepithelioma
  4. Ectopic intracranial retinoblastoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where are Homer Wright rosettes seen in?

A
  1. Neuroblastoma
  2. Medulloblastoma
  3. RB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are Homer Wright rosettes and what does it look like?

A

NOT RETINAL differenitaion
Filled with a tangle of eosinophilic cytoplasm
(Homer Simpson likes jelly donuts - no hole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a fleurette?

A

Photoreceptor differentiation seen in RB. Expresses a GREATER degree of retinal differentiation than does Flexner-Wintersteriner rosettes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What spreads RB via the CNS?

A

Optic nerve invasion where cells spead into the leptomeninges

40
Q

What spreads RB via hematogenous dissemination?

A

Massive uveal invasion.

41
Q

How does a retinocytoma differ from RB histologically?

A
  1. More cytoplasm and more evenly dispered nuclear chromatin. No mitoses
  2. Calcification with NO necrosis
42
Q

What does a medulloepithelimoa look like histologically?

A

Ribbon like structures with heteroplastic tissue - cartilage or smooth muscle

43
Q

What is a Fuch’s adenoma made of ?

A

Nonpigmented ciliary epithlium

44
Q

What does the color of the iris depend on?

A

The number and size of the melanin pigment granules in STROMAL melanocytes.

45
Q

In which dz is the choriocapillaris spared?

A

Sympathetic ophthalmia

46
Q

What are Dalen-Fuchs nodules made of?

A

Collections of epithelioid hisitiocytes and lymphocytes between the RPE and Bruch’s membrane

47
Q

Where do most iris melanoma occur?

A

Inferior sectors of the iris - they follow a nonaggressive clinical course compared to posterior melanomas

48
Q

What are the 3 types of uveal melanomas?

A
  1. Spindle cell (Type A and B)
  2. Epithelioid melanoma (worst prognosis)
  3. Mixed- cell type
49
Q

Where is there a propensity of uveal melanoma to metastasize ?

A

The LIVER

50
Q

All choroidal melanocytic tumors thicker than WHAT are melanomas? And diameter?

A

3mm; 10mm

51
Q

What are risk factors for a choroidal nevus to be malignant?

A
  1. Orange pigmentation
  2. Juxtapapillary location
  3. hOMOGENEITY on ultrasound
52
Q

What type of internal reflectivity does a chorodial melanoma have?

A

LOW

53
Q

How do hemorrhagic detachments look?

A

Dome shaped, involving multiple quadrants and a/w breakthrough vitreous bleeding.

54
Q

What type of internal reflectivity does a choroidal hemangioma have?

A

HIGH

55
Q

What % of RB is b/l?

A

30-40%

56
Q

If a parent has U/L RB and the first off spring is unaffected, what is the chance of the second child having RB?

A

7-15%

57
Q

If you have an unaffected parent with a first with b/l dz what is the chance that the second child gets RB?

A

5% (if parent is a carrier then 45%)

58
Q

A scan U/S measures what 3 things?

A
  1. Internal reflectivity
  2. Vascularity
  3. Height
59
Q

Vitreous amyloidosis is a/w what?

A

Peripheral neuropathy - both are a/w transthyretin abnormality

60
Q

Touton giant cells are seen in what 3 d/o’s?

A
  1. Chalazion
  2. Xanthogranuloma
  3. Xanthelasma
61
Q

Why do adult medulloepitheliomas occur?

A

Usually related to trauma that are actually reactive hyperplasia of the ciliary epithelium

62
Q

Where does the sclera receive nutrition?

A
  1. Choroid
  2. Episcleral vessels.
    * It does not have its own capillary bed*
63
Q

What portion of the sclera is dervied from the mesoderm?

A

Temporal (all other parts are from the NEURAL CREST cells!!!)

64
Q

The RPE and neurosensory retina is derived from which cells?

A

Neuroectoderm

65
Q

Schlems canal is dervied from what?

A

MESODERM

66
Q

The Iris Stroma is derived from what cells?

A

Neural CREST (all other parts of the iris are dervied from the neuroectoderm)

67
Q

The trabecular meshwork is dervied from where?

A

NEURAL CREST

68
Q

The corneal stroma and endothelium is dervied from where?

A

NEURAL CREST

69
Q

In NF1 what do you see histologically in the choroid?

A

hamartoumatous infiltrate with OVOID bodies (resembles tactile corpuscle)

70
Q

What do astrocystic hamartomas look like on histology?

A

Calcospherites

71
Q

In ataxia telengectasia which Ig is deficient?

A

IgA (increased incidence of lymphoma and increased alpha feta protein)

72
Q

Blue argon laser absorbs what and does what to the retina?

A

Absorbs yellow macular pigment and DAMAGES the retina

73
Q

Green argon laser absorbs what?

A

Melanin and BLOOD

74
Q

In peripheral microcystoid degeneration what are the cyst filled with?

A

Hyaluronic acid

75
Q

A pars plana cyst is what and filled with what?

A

Splitting between pigmented and non pigmented layers of the CILIARY epithelium and contain hylauronic acid

76
Q

Gray sphere with a maltese cross makes you think of?

A

Asteriod hyalosis

77
Q

Mutant protein TRANSTHYRETIN (pre albumin) causes what?

A

Amyloidosis in vitreous

78
Q

What rarely mimic CNS lymphoma with b/l vitritis and dementia?

A

Whipples dx

79
Q

Leiomyoma are found where and in whom?

A

Young girls, amelanotic tumors found in the supraciliary space

80
Q

Where do enophytic RB arise?

A

From INNER retina and sees the vitreous

81
Q

Where does an exophytic RB arise?

A

From the OUTER retina and causes RD.

82
Q

Which dz invades the optic nerve: Uveal melanoma or RB?

A

RB

83
Q

In coats dz which part of the retina is usually affected?

A

ST

84
Q

Retinal dysplasia occurs with which trisomy usually?

A

13

85
Q

What is the pathological hallmark of Bechets?

A

Vasculitis; chronic nongranulomatous uveitis

86
Q

What is the most common ocular site for systemic sarcoid?

A

Uveal tract

87
Q

In RB what the two main tumor seen not do to radiation tx?

A
  1. Osteosarcoma

2. Maligant melanoma

88
Q

Where do cell bodies of Muller cells reside?

A

Inner nuclear layer

89
Q

What happens with a CWS?

A

THICKENING of NFL with cystoid bodies - swollen axons blocked with axoplasm

90
Q

Which dz has early trouble with acommondation and iris thickening?

A

Sympathetic ophthalmia

91
Q

What are the 4 stages of VKH?

A
  1. Prodromal stage (CSF pleocytosis, tinnitus, fever)
  2. Acute Uveitic Stage (few days after stage 1)
  3. Convalescent stage (several weeks after uveitic) - depigmentation of the choroid
  4. Chronic recurrent stage - recurrent inflm, glaucoma, subretinal fibrosis, PSC
92
Q

HLA-DR2?

A

Pars planitis (also DR51, DR17)

93
Q

Amyloid makes what teriatary structure?

A

Beta pleated sheets

94
Q

Which two metatstatic dz are a/w long survival times?

A
  1. Breast CA

2. Carcinoid tumors

95
Q

What type of pattern do u see on FA with Choroidal melanomas?

A

Double circulation pattern - where both retinal and chorodial vessels are seen in the tumor.

96
Q

Which is a more effective treatment for uveal melanoma: external beam radiation or charged particle radiation?

A

charged particle radiation

Pathology and Tumors (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions