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IVMI Spinal Manipulation > VMM Glossary > Flashcards

VMM Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Period just after the neuron fires and it is beginning to re-polarize. It cannot fire again, regardless of the stimulus during this time

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2
Q

Action potential

A

Large depolarizing signal that is actively propagated along an axon by the repeated generation of a signal. It will travel the length of the axon without losing strength

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3
Q

Active insufficiency

A

Muscles generate the most force when they are near their resting length. Lengthening or shortening the muscle decreases the force it can produce. The muscles have more strength near the resting length because that is where there is the most cross-bridging between the actin and myosin filaments

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4
Q

Alpha motor neuron

A

Large myelinated nerve fibers that go to extrafusal muscle fibers to stimulate contraction. Largest motor neuron

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5
Q

Anterior

A

Synonym for ventral

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6
Q

ASIS

A

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (term from human medicine for the tuber coxae)

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7
Q

Autogenic inhibition

A

Contraction of a muscle stimulates the golgi tendon organs which cause relaxation of the muscle

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8
Q

Calcanea contact

A

Uses the “heel” of the hand as the Dr. contact point. It is important to support the wrist of the contact hand to prevent hyperextension during the HVLA

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9
Q

Central Pattern Generators (CPG)

A

Neural networks that are capable of generating rhythmic motor activity in the absence of sensory feedback. They signal the basic rhythm of gait. It is then modulated to adapt to terrain and avoid obstacles

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10
Q

Co-contraction

A

Contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles simultaneously, often used to stabilize joints

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11
Q

Complex joint

A

Joint with 2 or more articulating surfaces and an articular disc

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12
Q

Costotransverse joint

A

Articulation between the tubercle of the rib and the costotransverse surface on the transverse process of the caudal thoracic vertebra

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13
Q

Costovertebral joint

A

Articulation between the demi-facet and the rib head. Each rib head forms a costovertebral joint with 2 vertebrae

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14
Q

Coupled motion

A

Motion around 1 axis that is consistently and automatically associated with movement around a second axis. For example: lateral bend coupled with rotation

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15
Q

CPG

A

Central pattern generator

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16
Q

Demi-facet

A

Joint surface on the thoracic vertebrae for articulation with the rib head. It is between the pedicle and the vertebral body

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17
Q

Directed thrust

A

Thrust in the plane of the joint surfaces

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18
Q

Dorsal longitudinal ligament

A

Located within the spinal canal on the dorsal aspect of the vertebral bodies. This ligament resists over-flexion of the spine

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19
Q

Dorsal plate

A

Dorsal half of the spinal cord; carries mostly sensory information

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20
Q

Double pisiform

A

Uses the pisiform process (just proximal to the 5th metacarpal) as the Dr. contact point, the pisiform process of the other hand is placed in the “snuff ox” of the first. The fingers of the second hand support the wrist of the first

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21
Q

Dural torque

A

The dura extends the length of the spine and follows the nerve roots through the intervertebral foramen. It is relatively inelastic. It is thought that any restriction may create tension on the dura causing pain and decreased ROM even at sites distant to the restriction. One description likens it to pulling one corner of a tablecloth to create folds and tension throughout

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22
Q

Dysfacilitation

A

Relates to the utilization of altered motor control strategies. Compare to inhibition

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23
Q

Feed-back

A

The actual movement is compared to the intended movement and changes are made if necessary

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24
Q

Feed-forward

A

Muscle actions needed for a movement are planned in advance of the action. Mechanisms are fast and depend on prior experience

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25
Force-time principle
The time over which a force is applied is as important as the size of the force in altering movement. Increasing the time will increase the force
26
Gamma motor neuron
Goes to the muscle spindle cell (MSC) so that the MSC is effective at all muscle lengths. The gamma motor neuron regulates the sensitivity of the MSC
27
Golgi tendon organ
Sensory receptors found at the musculotendonious junction that monitor muscle contraction
28
Ground reaction force
As the horse pushes off the ground the ground must push back with equal force and in the opposite direction. Higher ground reaction force can mean greater speed, greater height of jump or greater suspension
29
Group lesion
Several adjacent vertebrae that have the same restriction. For example: T5 through T8 all restricted spinous right
30
GTO
Golgi tendon organ
31
HVLA
Stands for high velocity low amplitude; the type of thrust used in manipulation. Speed is a vital component
32
Hyoid apparatus
Consists of the stylohyoid, ceratohyoid, basihyoid, thyrohyoid and epihyoid. The tympanohyoid is a cartilage cap that attaches the stylohyoid to the styloid process of the temporal bone. The basihyoid has a rostral projection called the lingual process. The omohyoidius, sternohyoid and the stylohyoid mm attach to the lingual process
33
Inferior
Synonym for caudal
34
Inhibition
Relates to a process of neural discharge being actively suppressed by another neural influence. Compare to dysfacilitation
35
IVF
Intervertebral foramen
36
Lamina
Part of the vertebra from the facets to the dorsal spinous process. It is the "roof" of the vertebra
37
Lever, Long
The patient contact point and the joint being adjusted are farther apart e.g. contact on the pastern to adjust the shoulder joint. The long lever multiplies the force so there is no HVLA with long lever manipulation
38
Lever, short
The patient contact point and the joint being adjusted are close together e.g. lamina-pedicle contact to adjust a cervical facet. Short lever adjustments are safer than long lever adjustments
39
Ligamentum flavumn
Ventromedial aspect of the facet joint is covered by the ligamentum flavum Runs between the lamina of adjacent vertebrae and has a minimal blood supply. Hypertrophy can compress the contents of the intervertebral foramen (IVF)
40
Listing
Descriptive name for a restriction and should include the bone involved, the reference point and the direction. For example: T5 spinous right
41
Local potential
Stimuilation of a dendrite creates a local potential that spreads by diffusion and is gone after traveling only 1-2mm. It takes multiple local potentials to add up to an action potential which causes the neuron to fire.
42
Logan basic
Gentle technique to relieve sacral restrictions and stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system
43
Mammillary process
A rounded eminence on the caudal aspect of the cranial facets in the thoracolumbar spine. It is a site for muscle attachment and a contact point
44
Manipulable lesion
An "altered alignment, movement integrity, and/or physiologic function of a motion unit although contact between the joint surfaces remains intact"
45
Manipulation
A "manual procedure that involves a directed thrust to move a joint past the physiologic ROM without exceeding the anatomic limit"
46
Motion segment or Motion unit
A functional unit made up of 2 adjacent articulating surfaces and the connecting tissue surrounding them
47
Muscle spindle cell (MSC)
Sensory receptors that monitor changes in length of the muscle i.e. stretch. They are found in the middle of skeletal muscle fibers (the muscle belly)
48
Nerve conduction
Neurotransmitter(s) stimulates the post-synaptic cell and causes a local potential. The local potential is graded and spreads by passive diffusion. When the summation of many local potentials is great enough an action potential is generated. An action potential is not graded and spreads by active propagation
49
Parallel muscle fiber
Muscle fibers arranged parallel to the pull of the muscle. This arrangement is best for a large ROM
50
Paraphysiologic range of motion
Small ROM beyond the active and passive ROM. It is just before anatomic barriers are breached
51
Patient contact point
The bony prominence that receives the manipulation. It can be a small area like the mammillary process in the lumbars or relatively large like the tuber sacrale
52
Pedicles
Part of the vertebra from the facets to the vertebral bodies, the "sides" of the vertebra
53
Pennate muscle fiber
Muscle fibers arranged at an angle to a tendon or aponeurosis. This arrangement is best for strong isometric action
54
Phase dependent reflex reversal
The same stimulus excites different muscle groups depending on the phase of stride. For example: when the leg is weight bearing the GTOs stimulate the extensor motor neurons, the opposite of what they do in non-weight bearing. This ensures that the swing phase won't start until the limb is unloaded
55
Physiologic cross sectional area (PCSA)
Determinant of the maximal isometric force that can be generated by a muscle. Calculated from muscle volume divided by fiber length and is greater with short pinnated fibers.
56
Posterior
Synonym for dorsal
57
PSIS
Posterior superior iliac spine is a term from human medicine for the tuber sacrale
58
Reciprocal inhibition
Contraction of extensors inhibits contraction of flexors and vice versa. This allows for smooth movement
59
ROM
Range of motion
60
Set-up
How you position yourself and your patient for a proper manipulation. It includes Dr. position, patient position, Dr. contact point, patient contact point, and line of drive needed to make an effective manipulation
61
Spasticity
Form of hypertonus that has hyperactive tendon jerks and an increased resistance to rapid stretch. In a spastic patient a slow stretch doesn't stimulate much resistance but the faster the stretch the greater the resistance
62
Superior
Synonym for cranial
63
Translation
Gliding of joint surfaces over one another
64
Transverse process
Part of the vertebra between the pedicle and the body used for muscle attachment and/or stability. It may be used as a contact point on the lumbar vertebra but not on the cervical vertebra
65
V-trough
A V is formed with your thumb and the side of your flexed index finger. The thumb is firmly supported by the index finger. Be sure the contact is the center of the V, not the thumb
66
Ventral longitudinal ligament
Lies on the ventral aspect of the vertebral bodies and resists overextension of the spine
67
Ventral plate
Ventral half of the spinal cord and it carries mostly motor information

IVMI Spinal Manipulation (11 decks)

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