Workbook Quizzes Flashcards
1
Q
A restriction is:
A) The same as a subluxation
B) A loss of range of motion with the articular contact disrupted
C) Covers several motion segments
D) A loss of range of motion with the joint surfaces still in contact
A
D) A loss of range of motion with the joint surfaces still in contact
2
Q
Restrictions are diagnosed by _________.
A
Motion palpation
3
Q
T/F: Restrictions involve only bone and cartilage.
A
False
4
Q
The paraphysiologic range of motion is:
A) Very large
B) Between the active and passive range
C) Small and just before the anatomical limits
A
C) Small and just before the anatomical limits
5
Q
A correct manipulation:
A) uses a high amplitude low velocity thrust
B) Needs strength to be effective
C) Takes place within the passive range of motion
D) Needs speed and specificity
A
D) Needs speed and specificity
6
Q
The listing includes:
A) The segment or joint and the reference point
B) The reference point, signalment and direction
C) The segment, reference point and direction
D) Reference point, the set-up and the primary complaint
A
C) The segment, reference point and direction
7
Q
Cartilage is affected by restriction due to:
A) Lack of imbibition
B) Increased imbibition
C) Change in weight bearing causing increased pressure
D) Increased circulation
A
A) Lack of imbibition
8
Q
T/F: Adhesions form within the joint after a few days of immobilization.
A
True
9
Q
Joints adjacent to a restricted joint:
A) Become restricted
B) Are not affected
C) Are restricted in the opposite direction
D) Become hypermobile
A
D) Become hypermobile
10
Q
T/F: When the muscular part of the musculotendonious unit is in spasm it aids tendon function.
A
False
11
Q
How is the nervous system affected by restrictions? Choose all that apply
A) Direct pain
B) It can sever the nerve fiber
C) Decrease inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system
D) Indirect pain
E) Decreases frequency of firing to the cortex
F) Increases frequency of firing to the cortex
G) Interferes with peripheral nerve function
A
A) Direct pain
C) Decrease inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system
D) Indirect pain
E) Decreases frequency of firing to the cortex
G) Interferes with peripheral nerve function
12
Q
What is the relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and movement?
A) Movement stimulates Ia afferent fibers, which help to inhibit the sympathetics
B) Sympathetic stimulation inhibits movement
C) Movement and the sympathetic nervous system stimulate each other
D) Sympathetic nervous system and movement inhibit each other
A
A) Movement stimulates Ia afferent fibers, which help to inhibit the sympathetics
13
Q
T/F: Movement is necessary for a healthy cortex.
A
True
14
Q
T/F: A restriction cannot affect peripheral nerve function.
A
False
15
Q
How do restrictions affect the FOF?
A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) No affect
A
B) Decrease
16
Q
What four things do neurons need to be healthy?
A
1) Stimulation (FOF)
2) Oxygen
3) Glucose
4) Neurotrophic factors
17
Q
How does movement affect FOF?
A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) No affect
A
A) Increase
18
Q
Exercise is important to the nervous system because it provides: (choose all that apply)
A) Oxygen B) Lactate C) FOF D) Glucose E) CO2
A
A) Oxygen
C) FOF
D) Glucose
19
Q
Commonly used Dr. contact points include (choose all that apply):
A) Calcaneal B) Elbow C) Pisiform D) Metacarpals E) V-trough
A
A) Calcaneal
C) Pisiform
E) V-trough
20
Q
T/F: The only important parts of the set-up are the patient contact point and the line of drive.
A
False
21
Q
The HVLA thrust uses:
A) Pectoral and triceps muscles
B) Biceps and latissimus dorsi muscles
C) Quadriceps and epaxial muscles
A
A) Pectoral and triceps muscles
22
Q
The best way to lower your episternal notch is to:
A) Bend at the waist
B) Round your back
C) Use a fencer’s stance
A
C) Use a fencer’s stance
23
Q
Which type of manipulation is safer for the patient, long lever or short lever?
A
Short lever
24
Q
T/F: Because a long lever contact point is farther from the joint we are adjusting, we need to use a strong HVLA.
A
False
25
(Choose all that apply) For an effective HVLA we should:
A) Engage our core muscles
B) Bring the joint to tension, then pull our hands back to get a running start at the HVLA
C) Extend our wrists as much as possible
D) Be specific in both the Dr. contact point and the patient contact point
E) Use our body weight to help with the HVLA because horses are big animals and we need strength to adjust them
F) Use just a quick twitch of our triceps and pectoral muscles to create the HVLA
G) A good manipulation is slow to allow the nervous system time to respond
H) Our shoulders should be lower than our hands
I) The correct line of drive is in the plane of the joint
A) Engage our core muscles
D) Be specific in both the Dr. contact point and the patient contact point
F) Use just a quick twitch of our triceps and pectoral muscles to create the HVLA
I) The correct line of drive is in the plane of the joint
26
A patient with ataxia is presented to you for spinal manipulation. You should:
A) Motion palpate all joints and adjust any restrictions found
B) Do a neurologic exam
C) Adjust everything except the neck
D) Recommend a neurologic exam and if the client declines then go ahead and adjust the patient
B) Do a neurologic exam
27
T/F: Patients with severe degenerative joint disease or arthritis should never be adjusted.
False
28
A patient has hyper mobility at C3-C4. Should you manipulate this joint?
No
29
A patient has hyper mobility at C3-C4. Where would you expect to find a restriction in this patient?
A) C0-C1
B) C4-C5
C) C5-C6
D) C6-C7
B) C4-C5
30
A dog presents with a history of falling 3 days prior and since then he is very painful, won't bend his neck and stumbles. What is your main concern?
Rule out fracture
31
The autonomic nervous system (choose all that apply):
```
A) Reacts to stress
B) Stimulates alpha motor neurons
C) Maintains homeostasis
D) Is involved with TND (transneuronal degeneration)
E) Carries only sensory information
```
A) Reacts to stress
C) Maintains homeostasis
D) Is involved with TND
32
Alpha motor neurons:
A) Are large and unmyelinated
B) Are small and unmyelinated
C) Are large and myelinated
C) Are large and myelinated
33
Signs of TND include (choose all that apply)
A) Panting
B) Pawing
C) Yawning
D) Piloerection
A) Panting
C) Yawning
D) Piloerection
34
When a patient shows signs of TND you should:
A) Continue--TND is a sign that your manipulations are working
B) Stop treatment for the day
B) Stop treatment for the day
35
Which cranial nerves are tested with the Doll's eye?
3, 4, 6, 8
36
Which cranial nerves are tested with the blink reflex?
5, 7
37
Which cranial nerves are motor and can be tested by observing muscle mass, tone, or function?
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12
38
What are the cranial nerves/corresponding numbers?
1) Olfactory
2) Optic
3) Oculomotor
4) Trochlear
5) Trigeminal
6) Abducens
7) Facial
8) Vestibulocochlear
9) Glossopharyngeal
10) Vagus
11) Accessory
12) Hypoglossal
39
Which motion decreases the diameter of the spinal canal and the IVF?
Extension
40
What are the borders of the IVF?
```
Facets
Bodies
Pedicles
Ligamentum flavum
Disc
```
41
Contents of the IVF include (choose all that apply):
```
A) Dorsal root ganglion
B) Spinal nerve
C) Blood vessels
D) Muscle
E) Lymphatics
F) Muscle spindle cells
```
A) Dorsal root ganglion
B) Spinal nerve
C) Blood vessels
E) Lymphatics
42
What are three reasons that walking a patient with the head elevated changes the gait, even in normal patients?
1) Decreases the diameter of the canal/IVF (extension)
2) Alter visual inputs
3) Alter vestibular inputs
43
Which motor neurons are larger, alpha or gamma?
Alpha
44
Which motor neurons go to the extrafusal fibers?
Alpha
45
Muscle spindle cells monitor:
A) Electrolyte balance within the muscle
B) Muscle stretch
C) Muscle contraction
D) Muscle pH
B) Muscle stretch
46
Which type of motor neuron innervates the muscle spindle cell?
A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Gamma
D) Ia
C) Gamma
47
Our manipulations should stimulate:
A) Extrafusal muscle fibers
B) GTO
C) MSC
D) Nociceptors
B) GTO
48
Which mechanoreceptors inhibit or cause relaxation to the muscle that they are in?
A) Muscle spindle cells
B) Golgi tendon organs
B) Golgi tendon organs
49
Interneurons are usually _______.
A) Inhibitory
B) Excitatory
C) Are not used in motor pathways
D) Are not used in sensory pathways
A) Inhibitory
50
Why do we need to bring the joint to tension before the HVLA?
Stimulate the GTOs to cause muscle relaxation
51
One GTO monitors tension/contraction of:
A) All the extrafusal fibers
B) Approximately half the extrafusal fibers
C) Approximately 30% of the exxtrafusal fibers
D) Approximately 10-20 extrafusal fibers
D) Approximately 10-20 extrafusal fibers
52
What do GTOs monitor?
A) Gamma neurons
B) Stretch
C) Ib neurons
D) Tension/contraction
D) Tension/contraction
53
Where are the MSs located?
Muscle belly inside fusiform shaped capsule
54
What do muscle spindles monitor?
A) Gamma neurons
B) Stretch
C) Ia neurons
D) Tension/contraction
B) Stretch
55
How many neurons are in between the Ia afferent neuron and the alpha motor neuron?
Zero
56
The Ia afferent neuron goes to (choose all that apply):
A) The same muscle
B) Synergistic muscles
C) Antagonistic muscles
D) Gamma motor neurons
A) The same muscle
B) Synergistic muscles
C) Antagonistic muscles
D) Gamma motor neurons
57
Gamma motor neurons regulate:
A) Contraction of extrafusal fibers
B) MS size
C) Muscle mass
D) MS sensitivity
D) MS sensitivity
58
It is desirable to have _______ gamma gain.
High
59
Why is it important to keep the intrafusal fibers taut?
A) To improve blood flow
B) So it is sensitive at all muscle lengths
C) To stimulate the Ib fibers
D) So that it takes more stretch to stimulate the MS
B) So it is sensitive at all muscle lengths
60
A fit athlete:
A) Should have clear muscle definition
B) Should have muscles with smooth contours
C) Should have tight, tense muscles
B) Should have muscles with smooth contours
61
What are the four functions of gamma gain?
1) Stay upright against gravity
2) Keep center of gravity within the base of support
3) Store energy
4) Allow smooth movement
62
To compensate for poor muscle tone:
A) Strength is used
B) Movement is slower
C) Tension is used
D) Less energy is expended
C) Tension is used
63
Tense muscles make movement more or less accurate?
Less accurate
64
Tense muscles can lead to tendon injury--
A) With intense work
B) With slow work
C) Within the normal range of motion
D) Outside the normal range of motion
C) Within the normal range of motion
65
Low gamma gain can lead to tendon injury--
A) With intense work
B) With slow work
C) Within the normal range of motion
D) Outside the normal range of motion
D) Outside the normal range of motion
66
Describer the ideal stance and posture for a canine athlete:
Stand square, place feet with confidence; relaxed posture and good muscle tone
67
A patient present with a deficit of blink reflex on the left medial canthus, atrophy of the left temporalis and masseter.
This indicates a deficit of which cranial nerve?
CN V (Trigeminal nerve)
68
A patient present with a deficit of blink reflex on the left medial canthus, atrophy of the left temporalis and masseter.
This reflects a deficit on which side of the brain?
Left
69
A patient present with a deficit of blink reflex on the left medial canthus, atrophy of the left temporalis and masseter.
How can we address this deficit?
Stimulate proprioceptors on the right side
70
What is the definition of dysafferentation?
A decrease in Ia afferent activity coupled with an increase in nociceptive fiber activity, often due to a restriction
71
What are 3 ways a restriction can adversely affect nerve function?
(1) Direct effect on dorsal root ganglion (DRG), nerve root, or peripheral nerve
(2) Inflammation defusing into the nerve
(3) Decreased circulation to the nerve
72
A dog that walks slowly and carefully is more likely to have a _____ problem.
Neurologic or Musculoskeletal?
Neurologic
73
Why do neurologic signs improve as speed is increased?
Neuro deficits are a lack of communication between the nervous system and the muscle. As speed increases the animal relies more on stored energy to maintain gait instead of muscle strength.
74
T/F: The basic rhythmic pattern of gait is generated in the spinal cord and doesn't depend on the brain.
TRUE
75
What are central pattern generators? Where are they located?
Neural networks that generate rhythmic motor activity without sensory feedback; located in the spinal cord
76
What is the primary goal of the vestibular system?
Maintain correct orientation of the head and neck
77
What is phase dependent reflex reversal?
The same stimulus causes a different response depending on the phase of stride
78
Where are the second order sympathetic cell bodies located? What joints are they near?
Located in the sympathetic trunk that lies just outside the vertebrae in the thoracolumbar region;
2 are near the 1st rib, 1 near the TMJ
79
How can a restriction cause local patchy sweating?
Restrictions stimulate sympathetic nervous system
80
What are 4 effects of chronic sympathetic stimulation?
(1) Immune depression
(2) Adrenal fatigue
(3) GI problems
(4) Chronic pain
81
What effect does nociception have on the sympathetics?
Nociception stimulates the sympathetics
82
Which is faster, feed-forward or feed-back? Why?
Feed-forward is faster--it starts before the intended movement
83
Effective feed-back is dependent on high _______.
Gamma gain
84
Which mechanism compares the intended movement to the actual movement? (Feed-forward or feed-back)
Feed-back
85
When are injuries likely to occur with feed-back mechanisms? How can we protect athletes against this type of injury?
Injuries are likely to occur with unexpected disruptions of balance; for prevention the athlete should train controlled disruptions of balance
86
What happens before a voluntary movement begins?
Motor planning
87
What is motor planning?
The brain "sees" the desired outcome before the movement begins
88
What are 2 things that affect the speed of voluntary movement?
(1) Number of neurons
| (2) Amount of information processed
89
What are 2 things that affect the accuracy of a movement? What is their affect, to increase or decrease accuracy?
(1) Prior experience--increases accuracy
| (2) Speed--decreases accuracy
90
Why are reflexes so fast?
They travel through only two neurons
91
Activation of flexor muscles reflexively ______ the extensors.
Inhibits
92
What 3 types of action make up complex movements?
(1) Reflexes
(2) Rhythmic
(3) Voluntary
93
T/F: One example of burst neurons that regulate gait is the central pattern generators (CPG's)
TRUE
94
Adaptive pain includes _______ and _______ pain.
Nociceptive; inflammatory
95
How is neurogenic pain related to injury?
Neurogenic pain is UNrelated to injury
96
Why do we pull away, yell and get hot when we hit our thumb with a hammer?
Nocicpetors stimulate signals to the thalamus (aware of pain--pull away), limbic system (emotional response), and hypothalamus (autonomic response--flush/hot/sweat)
97
What stimulus causes pain in all individuals in all situations?
There is none
98
Rank these neurons from fastest to slowest:
A-delta
Ia afferent
C fibers
1) Ia afferent
2) A-delta
3) C fibers
99
Which neurons are responsible for dull throbbing or burning pain?
C fibers
100
Why does GI pain cause elevated heart rate?
C fibers carrying GI pain travel with sympathetic nerves
101
How can stomach ulcers cause pain over the sternum?
Somatic and visceral nociceptive neurons synapse in the same part of the dorsal horn so stimulation of one can give the sensation of pain in both places
102
What is neuronal windup?
Chronic C fiber stimulation causes dorsal horn cells to become more sensitive and have a larger response to the same stimulus
103
Define neurogenic inflammation.
Inflammation due to release of inflammatory factors from the neurons themselves
104
How do neuropeptides differ from neurotransmitters?
Neurotransmitters remain in the synaptic cleft and are quickly removed from the environment;
Neuropeptides don't have a re-uptake system, travel farther and stimulate many neurons
105
How do nociceptors contribute to the swelling, heat and redness of inflammation?
Nociceptors can release substance P that causes vasodilation and causes mast cells to release histamine
106
What affect does nociceptor stimulation have on the sympathetics?
Nociceptor firing stimulates the sympathetic nervous system
107
What parts of the vertebra surround the spinal canal?
Lamina, pedicles, body
108
What is the contact point for C3 thru C7?
Lamina-pedicle junction
109
```
Which of the following are borders of the IVF? (Choose all that apply):
A. Facets
B. Pedicles
C. Transverse process
D. Ligamentum flavum
```
A. Facets
B. Pedicles
D. Ligamentum flavum
110
```
Which of these vertebrae has long, delicate transverse processes?
A. C1
B. C3
C. C5
D. C7
```
B. C3
111
Within the spinal canal the ventral plate carries ____ information while the dorsal plate carries ____ information.
motor; sensory
112
Where do the denticulate ligaments run from?
The pia mater to the dura
113
```
How can vertebral restrictions change the tension on the dura?
A. Through its attachment at the IVF
B. Through the ligamentum flavum
C. Through the transverse process
D. Through the vertebral body
```
A. Through its attachment at the IVF
114
The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is:
A. Made up of motor neuron cell bodies located in the ventral plate
B. Made of both motor and sensory neuron cell bodies in the IVF
C. Made up of sensory neuron cell bodies in the dorsal plate
D. Made up of sensory neuron cell bodies in the IVF
D. Made up of sensory neuron cell bodies in the IVF
115
How can inflammation of the ligamentum flavum affect the spinal nerve?
Swelling and inflammation products
116
```
The contents of the IVF can be affected by (choose all that apply):
A. Arthritis or DJD of the facets
B. Restrictions
C. Spondylitis
D. Synovitis of facet joints
```
A, B, D
117
True or False: Restrictions involve the motion unit and have no effect on the IVF.
FALSE
118
Name 9 things that lie within the IVF
```
DRG
Spinal nerve
Recurrent meningeal nerve
CSF
Dura
Blood vessels
Lymphatics
Ligaments
Fat
```
119
How can cervical restrictions have an affect on distal limb lameness?
Motor function and blood flow
120
```
Which of these ligaments runs within the spinal canal?
A. Supraspinous
B. Dorsal longitudinal
C. Ventral longitudinal
D. Lamina-pedicle ligament
```
B. Dorsal longitudinal
121
Why is there no ventral longitudinal ligament in the lower cervical region?
To allow for greater extension
122
```
Injury or inflammation of which ligament can affect the spinal cord?
A. Ventral longitudinal
B. Dorsal longitudinal
C. Ligamentum flavum
D. Nuchal ligament
```
B. Dorsal longitudinal
123
```
Injury or inflammation of which ligament can affect the contents of the IVF?
A. Ventral longitudinal
B. Dorsal longitudinal
C. Ligamentum flavum
D. Nuchal ligament
```
C. Ligamentum flavum
124
The atlanto-occipital joint moves only in flexion and extension (TRUE/FALSE)
FALSE
125
The capitis muscle is located where?
Over the dorsal arch of the atlas
126
TRUE/FALSE: The atlanto-occipital joint is shallow and appears very close to the nuchal crest on radiographs.
FALSE
127
What behavior problems can be associated with restrictions of C0-C1?
Fear, aggression, depression
128
Which joint is responsible for most of the rotation of the neck?
C1-C2
129
Some patients will rotate when asked for even a slight lateral bend of the neck; what can this mean?
Restrictions in lower neck
130
In the cervical vertebrae what foramen is mainly for blood vessels?
Transverse foramen
131
What are the angle(s) of the facets at C2-C3?
45 degrees
132
What are 3 ways that C7 differs from the other cervical vertebrae?
C7 has: demi-facets, no transverse foramen, and 8 articular surfaces
133
What is the contact point for C3-C7?
Lamina-pedicle junction
134
What are 2 ways a lower cervical restriction can affect the distal limbs?
Decreased blood flow, via brachial plexus (in addition to local and compensatory effects)
135
What shoulder flexors attach to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus?
Deltoid; teres minor
136
Which shoulder flexor attaches to the olecranon?
Long head of triceps
137
What shoulder flexors attach to the medial side of the humerus?
Latissimus dorsi, teres major
138
Which head of the triceps flexes the shoulder and extends the elbow?
Long head
139
TRUE/FALSE: The biceps brachia, coracobrachialis, and the subscapularis all insert on the medial side of the leg.
TRUE
140
Which muscle runs from the coracoid process of the scapula to the medial humerus?
Coracobrachialis
141
Which shoulder extensor inserts on the radius?
Biceps brachii
142
Which shoulder extensor has a huge and distinctly shaped tendon that curves over the proximal humerus?
Biceps brachii
143
Which shoulder muscle is multipennate and acts like a medial collateral ligament?
Subscapularis
144
The two elbow flexors are innervated by the ______ nerve while the extensors are innervated by the _____ nerve.
Musculocutaneous; radial
145
Name the elbow flexors:
Biceps brachii, brachialis
146
Which muscle wraps around the humerus?
Brachialis
147
All elbow extensors insert on the ______.
Olecranon
148
Which head of the triceps has an action in addition to elbow extension?
Long head
149
Which two muscles extend the elbow?
Triceps, tensor fascia antebrachii
150
When a dog's balance, proprioceptive and nervous systems are working properly, the dog will stand ______.
Square/stacked
151
What are 3 biomechanics reasons that a dog should stand stacked?
Uses less energy, avoid muscle strain, allows quick movement in any direction
152
Define shunt stability.
Engagement of core muscles prior to limb movement
153
TRUE/FALSE: A loss of sensation from peripheral receptors can adversely affect balance.
TRUE
154
What are the 3 main goals of the postural system?
Maintain steady state against gravity, anticipate voluntary movement, be adaptive
155
How can you determine if a dog leans left or right?
Pectoral muscle tension + paw size
156
What is the difference between muscle tension and muscle tone?
Muscle tension--Steady state of contraction
| Muscle tone--Gamma gain (i.e. sensitivity of muscle to stretch)
157
Which muscles are innervated by cranial nerve XI?
Brachiocephalic, trapezius, omotransverarius, sternocephalicus
158
Tendons are viscoelastic. What does this mean?
Tendon properties change after repeated cyclical loading
159
How does 10-20 minutes of warm-up before training help prevent injury?
Uses the viscoelastic properties of tendons to make them better able to withstand higher loads
160
Why don't athletes spend a lot of time stretching before training?
It decreases support to joints by resetting the muscles to new longer lengths
161
How does chronic stretching affect the muscle to increase ROM?
By increasing the number of sarcomeres
162
What are the 2 basic forms of muscle? Which is best at creating a large ROM?
Parallel and pennate; parallel is best at creating large ROM
163
Isometric action is often used to _____.
Stabilize joints
164
Which type of action can quickly generate the most force?
Eccentric
165
What is eccentric action commonly used for?
Decelerate joint motion at the end of a movement
166
Muscles can generate the most force at:
A. Full extension
B. Full flexion
C. Resting length
C. Resting length
167
What is the benefit of starting with a counter-movement?
Generate more force
168
What is reflex potentiation?
Stretch on muscle stimulates muscle spindle cells to cause reflex muscle contraction
169
Which muscle action generates more force when loaded slowly?
Concentric
170
What are 4 ways the stretch-shortening cycle helps generate more force?
Contractile potentiation
Reflex potentiation
Storage of energy
Increased time to apply force
171
What is the force-motion principle?
Increasing the ROM increases force
172
What is the Force-time principle?
Applying force over a longer period of tie increases the force
173
TRUE/FALSE: The tensor fascia late and internal abdominal oblique both attach to the tuber coxa
TRUE
174
What are the centers of rotation of the pelvis?
Coxofemoral joint; sacroiliac joint
175
Which muscles attach at the tuber ischium?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
176
A PI ilium is restricted in which directions?
Caudal and dorsal (posterior and inferior)
177
What are the attachments of the longissimus?
Sacrum, ilium and DSPs to the transverse processes of preceding vertebrae
178
What can focal atrophy of the longissimus indicate?
Vertebral issues in that area
179
Why is the multifidus an important postural muscle?
It has a very high concentration of muscle spindle cells
180
TRUE/FALSE: The multifidus and transversospinalis down and forward while the longissimus runs up and forward.
FALSE
The multifidus and transversospinalis run up and forward while the longissimus runs down and forward
181
Which muscles flex the hip?
Iliopsoas, Rectus femoris, sartorius, tensor fascia lata
182
Which hip flexor muscle attaches to the lesser trochanter of the femur?
Iliopsoas
183
Which two hip flexor muscles originate on the tuber coxae?
Tensor fascia lata, sartorius
184
TRUE/FALSE: The cranial gluteal nerve innervates the tensor fascia lata
TRUE
185
Which hip flexor assists in adduction of the hind limb?
Sartorius
186
The semitendinosus originates on the _____ and inserts on the _____.
tuber ischium; calcaneus
187
To run faster or jump higher the dog needs to generate ____ ground reaction force (low or high).
High
188
How many articular surfaces exist on a thoracic vertebra? What are they?
12;
| 4 facets, 2 body, 2 costotransverse (costal facets), 4 costovertebral (demi-facets)
189
Describe the path of the inter capital ligament.
Runs from the neck of one rib, through the intervertebral foramen, across the top of the intervertebral disc (but UNDER the dorsal longitudinal ligament), through the opposite IVF, to the neck of the opposite rib
190
Why do the ribs have a double curve?
For flexibility, strength, and to be capable of increasing thoracic volume during inspiration
191
What are the three muscles of inspiration?
Rectus thoracis, external intercostal, serrates dorsalis cranialis
192
What is the role of the first rib?
To act as a post, pulling the other ribs toward it
193
TRUE/FALSE: The external intercostal muscle has fibers that run cranioventrally and fill in the space between rib bodies.
FALSE: The fibers run CAUDOventrally
194
Which muscle of inspiration is on the dorsal aspect of the rib?
Serratus dorsalis cranialis
195
Describe the movement of the ribs during inspiration.
The ribs move dorsal, cranial, and lateral
196
TRUE/FALSE: The transverses thoracis and internal intercostal muscles are muscles of expiration
TRUE
197
Which muscle attaches to the deep aspect of the sternum and the ventral and medial aspects of the first ribs?
Transverse thoracis
198
Describe the internal intercostal muscle.
Lies between the rib bodies just deep to the external intercostal muscle; fibers run in a cranioventral direction
199
What is the movement of the ribs during expiration?
Caudal, ventral, and medial
200
Which abdominal muscle has fibers that run caudoventral?
External abdominal oblique
201
What are the attachments for the rectus abdominis muscle?
Lateral aspect of ribs 4-9 and prepubic tendon and head of the femur
202
Why is it important for the abdominal muscles to be strong and have good tone?
To provide proper stabilization and support the back
203
Which 2 abdominal muscles attach to the tuber coxa (either insertion or origin)?
Internal and external abdominal obliques
204
Which abdominal muscle originates at the lumbar transverse processes and medial surface of the last ribs?
Transverse abdominal oblique
205
Name 3 muscles that attach the thoracic limb to the trunk and are innervated by Cranial nerve 11/XI
Brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, trapezius
206
What are 2 muscles that lift the scapula?
Trapezius, rhomboideus
207
The brachiocephalicus and the _______ are closely associated.
Omotransversarius
208
TRUE/FALSE: The brachiocephalicus muscle helps advance the limb and the latissimus dorsi helps to flex the shoulder joint.
TRUE
209
What muscle runs from the dorsomedial scapula to the transverse processes of C3 caudal and the first several ribs? What is the action of this muscle?
Serratus ventralis;
| "Sling"--supports the trunk, flatten lower cranial curvature, lifts cranial thoracics
210
What are the attachments of the superficial pectoral?
Craniul sternum to lateral proximal humerus
211
TRUE/FALSE: The latissimus dorsi attaches the thoracic limb to the trunk and also flexes the shoulder.
TRUE
212
What muscles extend the hip?
Middle gluteal
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
