vocab

Question 1

a substance made from two or more different elements that have been chemically joined

Answer 1

compound

Question 2

different forms of the same chemical element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in their nucleus

Answer 2

isotope

Question 3

the smallest unit of a substance

Answer 3

molecule

Question 4

the stored energy that can be used to do work.

Answer 4

potential energy

Question 5

electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

Answer 5

valence electrons

Question 6

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms (two nonmetals)

Answer 6

covalent bonds

Question 7

an atom’s tendency to attract shared electrons within a chemical bond

Answer 7

electronegativity

Question 8

a chemical bond formed between two oppositely charged ions, where one atom completely transfers electrons to another, creating a positively charged ion (cation) and a negatively charged ion (anion), which then attract each other due to electrostatic forces (metal and nonmetal)

Answer 8

ionic bond

Question 9

the electromagnetic attraction created between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom and another nearby electronegative atom.

Answer 9

hydrogen bonds

Question 10

a molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative

Answer 10

polar molecule

Question 11

the tendency of like molecules to stick together

Answer 11

cohesion

Question 12

the tendency of dissimilar substances or surfaces to cling to one another

Answer 12

adhesion

Question 13

flow of heat

Answer 13

thermal energy

Question 14

a unit of energy that measures the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere.

Answer 14

calorie

Question 15

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius (°C).

Answer 15

specific heat

Question 16

molecules that can interact with water

Answer 16

hydrophilic

Question 17

repelling water

Answer 17

hydrophobic

Question 18

the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution

Answer 18

molarity

Question 19

quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions

Answer 19

pH

Question 20

groups of carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen, usually oxygen, and often other elements as well

Answer 20

organic compounds

Question 21

a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid

Answer 21

macromolecule

Question 22

an organic compound composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Answer 22

hydrocarbons

Question 23

a molecule that has the same chemical formula as another molecule, but with a different arrangement of its atoms, leading to distinct structural properties even though they contain the same number and types of atoms

Answer 23

isomer

Question 24

a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for a characteristic of that molecule

Answer 24

functional group

Question 25

a molecule considered the "energy currency" of a cell,

Answer 25

ATP

Question 26

a large molecule made up of smaller molecules called monomers that are joined together chemically

Answer 26

polymer

Question 27

a small molecule that acts as a building block, joining together with other monomers to form larger, more complex molecules called polymers

Answer 27

monomer

Question 28

a chemical reaction where smaller molecules (monomers) are joined together to form a larger molecule by removing a water molecule

Answer 28

dehydration synthesis

Question 29

a chemical reaction where a water molecule is used to break down a larger molecule into smaller components by breaking a chemical bond within it

Answer 29

hydrolysis

Question 30

chains of glucose monomers linked together for the purpose of storing energy

Answer 30

polysaccharide

Question 31

a polysaccharide carbohydrate that is stored in the liver and muscles by animals

Answer 31

glycogen

Question 32

a carbohydrate (POLYSACCHARIDE [insoluble]) that makes up the cell wall of plants

Answer 32

cellulose

Question 33

molecules that make up the bilayer of the plasma membrane and keep the membrane fluid

Answer 33

phospholipid