Vuxenliv och åldrande Flashcards
(108 cards)
Personligt vs socialt åldrande
Normative age-graded
Normative history-graded
Non-normative:
Personligt: Förändringar inom individen av tidens gång.
Socialt: Exponering för social miljö som påverkar ens utveckling
Normative age-graded: Cultural norms
Normative history-graded: Events that affect everyone
Non-normative: Random events, idiosyncratic events
Funktionell ålder
Biological
Psychological
Social
- Biological: Functioning of organ systems.
- Psychological: Functioning on mental/psychological tests.
- Social roles occupied by individual.
Sociala faktorer som påverkar vuxenutveckling och åldrande
Kön/Genus
Etnicitet
SE status
Religion/Spiritualitet
Kultur
Sociokulturella utvecklingsmodeller
- Ekologiskt perspektiv
- Livskursperspektivet
- Ageism
- Olika omgivande strukturer påverkar vår utveckling och åldring. Micro, meso, exo och macrosystem osv.
- Livskursperspektiv: Olika sociala förväntningar, attityder och normer sätter ramarna för hur vi uppfattar åldern och detta påverkar formandet av en människans liv.
- Ageism: Stereotypiska uppfattningar om äldre som får negativa konsekvenser.
Olika livskursperspektiv på åldrande
Disengagement theory
Activity theory
Continuity theory
- Med tiden förväntas äldre tappa sina sociala band.
- Äldre med bibehållna sociala roller anpassar sig bättre.
- Individens personlighet bestämmer huruvida aktivitet eller disengagement är optimalt.
Etiologin bakom ageism
Terror management theory
Modernization hypothesis
Multiple jeopardy hypothesis
Terror management theory: När vi ser äldre påminns vi om vår mortalitet, vi distanserar oss från dem för att hävda vår ungdom.
Moderniseringsperspektiv: Teknik och industrialiseringen gjorde att {ldre personer blir onödiga.
Multiple jeopardy theory: Mer än bara ålder som gör att man blir utsatt, olika ism-erna interagerar och förstärker diskriminering.
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
Facing psychosocial challenges and developing in a predetermined order, but one can confront the challenges in an “off-time” way, meaning in a not so typical time-frame.
Piaget’s cognitive theory of development
Accomodation
Equilibrium
Assimilation
Accomodation: förändringar görs i respons på erfarenheter
Equilibrium: Balans mellan sammandrag och förändring, dynamisk process
Assimilation: Integrerar nya erfarenheter i gamla scheman, genom att göra förändringar.
Identity process theory
Identity
“threshold” experience
Identitiy accomidation
Identity balance
Identitiy assimilation
Identity: Favorable experience and image of the self
“Threshold” experience: normal changes or illnesses
Identitiy accomodation: New experiences cause the identitiy to change
Identity balance: Gradual integration of experiences in aging - appropriate adaptation
Identity assimilation: Unhealty denial and healthy denial
Identity accomodation: Responding to life changes by incorporating new elements in one’s identity, e.g one retires, finds new hobbies and interests intentionally.
Identity balance: Gradual integration whilst not compromising already existing elements of one’s identity. Integrating and reconciling various roles, relationships and identities to create a coherent experience of one’s identity. Balancing roles is key.
Identity assimilation: When individuals incorporate new experiences, values or identities into their existing self without compromising the overall identity coherence. Not fundamentally changing one’s personality, rather gradually introducing new elements to the existing one.
Multiple threshold model
Changes occur gradually over time because of multiple thresholds that need to be reached for each stage of change to occur.
Selective optimization with compensation model
Selective
Optimize
Compensate
Selective: Choose areas of focus
Optimize: Maximize performance in these areas
Compensate: Make up for losses in one area with gains in others, to maintain good self-perception and self-esteem.
Biological perspective on aging
Genes & DNA
Programmed aging theory
Random error theory
Gene mutation can lead to unexpected development of deviating proteins. These mutations can be inherited or a result of life experience.
Programmed aging: Gompertz curve - relation between aging and death rate per species. Telomer theory says that every cell replication leads to shorter telomeres until the tips of the chromosomes are exposed.
Random error:
Aging is the result of unexpected changes in an organism over time.
Cross-linking theory
Strings in the collagen molecule become more intwined, leading to the molecules becoming more stiff and smaller. Exposure to specific types of glucose leads to glycation which introduce cross-linking.
Free radicals theory
Unstable oxygen molecules
Antioxidants
Unstable oxygen molecules are produced when a cell creates energy, they then go out searching for molecules to bind to. De affected molecule is then no longer functional. Antioxidants can deter unstable oxygen molecules.
Error catastrophe theory
Mutations in mitrochondrical DNA leads to irreversible damages that accumulate over time. Damage to enzyme systems that synthesize proteins will produce faulty proteins when damaged.
Faulty proteins then accumulate, damaging the cells, tissues and organs.
When enough damage accumulates, this may lead to cell malfunctioning and thus death.
Problem with descriptive research design
Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal: Separate personal aging from historical events.
Expensive, and logistically difficult
Results that long time to reach.
Who wants to be a part, who wants to quit.
Tests become outdated.
Cross-sectional:
Results reflect age differences and not changes over time.
All participants are studied at one point in time.
Selective: Most capable are the ones who survive and partake, is not representative.
what tests can we use for both elderly and young?
Sequential design of research - the most efficient one.
Capture age-effects because you compare the cohorts and then compare within the cohorts, allowing one to see how ageing affects people.
Reduces cohort effects
Saves time and resources: you need less time to observe age-differences because different cohorts are examined at the same time, over time.
Richer data: you can examine both intra- and intercohortial effects.
Prediktorer för överlevnad, redan vid medelålder
Icke-rökare, högutbildade, gifta, fysiskt aktiva på fritid men lågt på arbetet.
Avsaknad av riskfaktorer för hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar samt cancer.
Independent ageing
Autonomy, control, dignity
Physical and cognitive
Influenced by:
The capacity to independently sustain one’s daily life activities on a physical and cognitive level. Active daily living (ADL).
Helps one feel autonomous, in control and have a sense of dignity.
However, it is affected by different factors such as health status, socioeconomic status, environmental factors, socioemotional support network. Lack of resources or accessability to these also negatively affects elderly.
Hur påverkas kroppen av åldrande?
Vikt
Längd
Kroppssammansättning
Man tappar vikt, något kilo eller två var tionde år, likaså längd, någon centimeter var tionde år.
Framåtlutad kropp, minskad muskelmassa - ökad fettvävnad.
Osteoporos och läkemedel
Om man ger patienten rätt läkemedel minskas risken för fraktur vid fall med 60-70%.
Frailty and ADL loss
Orkeslöshet
Fysisk inaktivitet
Ofrivillig viktnedgång
Nedsatt greppstyrka
Nedsatt gånghastighet.
Ålderssjukdomar som påverkar förmågan/lusten att ge sig ut på äventyr
Rörelseorgan, skador
Hjärta/Lunga
Yrsel/Fallrädsla
Ögon, öron
Psykiatriskt
Stroke
Parkinson
Demens