W6 Liver + Pancreas

Question 1

where is the liver found

Answer 1

-right upper abdomen
-5th intercostal space
-below rib cage

Question 2

which vein does blood leave the liver

Answer 2

hepatic vein to VC

Question 3

which artery does the heart supply blood to the liver from

Answer 3

hepatic artery

Question 4

which blood vessel supplies blood GIT to the liver

Answer 4

portal vein

Question 5

4 functions of the liver

Answer 5

fat metabolism
carbs metabolism
protein metabolism
storage

Question 6

how does the liver metabolise fat

Answer 6

oxidise triglycerides
synthesise cholesterol

Question 7

how does the liver metabolise carbs

Answer 7

convert carbs to FA and triglycerides

Question 8

how does the liver metabolise proteins

Answer 8

synthesise plasma proteins + non essential AA

Question 9

what does the liver store

Answer 9

glycogen
iron
vitamins

Question 10

whats the main known function of the liver

Answer 10

detox alcohol
secrete bile

Question 11

what are hepatocytes

Answer 11

large epithelial cells with round nuclei

Question 12

what are cell type commonly found in liver cells

Answer 12

binucleate cells

Question 13

how is the liver organised

Answer 13

lobules

Question 14

what are 2 parts of liver lobules

Answer 14

• hepatocytes
• hepatic sinusoids

Question 15

what are the function of hepatic sinusoids

Answer 15

allow blood to come in contact with hepatocytes

Question 16

how does blood reach the central hepatic vein

Answer 16

from portal vein to hepatic artery to portal tract

Question 17

which cells receive the lowest amount of O2

Answer 17

hepatocytes

Question 18

whats the job of the space of disse

Answer 18

drain lymphatics to portal tract

Question 19

what are kupffer cells

Answer 19

macrophages in sinusoids (liver)

Question 20

what do hepatic stellate cells do

Answer 20

fat storage and produce ECM + collagen

Question 21

what is bile produced by

Answer 21

hepatocytes

Question 22

what do bile canaliculi fuse to form

Answer 22

canals of hering

Question 23

whats bile for

Answer 23

assists lipid digestion

Question 24

where is bile secreted to

Answer 24

cancaliculi

Question 25

what is the 2 parts of the common bile duct

Answer 25

- cystic duct - common hepatic duct

Question 26

what organ does the common bile duct drain

Answer 26

gall bladder

Question 27

what is the gall bladder epithelium lined with

Answer 27

simple columnar

Question 28

when is CCK released in duodenum

Answer 28

in presence of lipids

Question 29

What does the exocrine gland of the pancreas do

Answer 29

Excrete enzymes

Question 30

where is the pituitary gland found

Answer 30

sella turcica

Question 31

what is the posterioer section of pituitary

Answer 31

neuroectoderm

Question 32

what is the anterior section of pituitary

Answer 32

oral ectoderm

Question 33

where is the anterior part of pituitary derived from

Answer 33

rathke pouch

Question 34

which part pf the brain controls the pituitary gland

Answer 34

hypothalamus

Question 35

which hormones affect endocrine tissues

Answer 35

TSH LH FSH

Question 36

which 2 hormones are released by the posterior hypothalamus

Answer 36

ADH oxytocin

Question 37

where do ADH and oxytocin travel through

Answer 37

hypothalamo/hypophyseal tract

Question 38

where are herring bodies found

Answer 38

pituitary gland

Question 39

what are herring bodies for

Answer 39

storing ADH and oxytocin

Question 40

what are the 3 parts of the anterior pituitary

Answer 40

par distalis par tubularis pars intermedia

Question 41

what are the 2 cells types of anterior pituitary

Answer 41

dark stain chromophils pale stain chromophobes

Question 42

what are the 2 chromophils

Answer 42

basophils and acidophils

Question 43

what does the pars intermedia do

Answer 43

separates anterior and posterior pituitary

Question 44

what is used to stain pars intermedia

Answer 44

isamine blue

Question 45

what does the MSH hormone do

Answer 45

stimulate melanocytes to release melanin

Question 46

how does the hypothalamus regulate thyroid

Answer 46

releases TRH

Question 47

how does TRH regulate thyroid

Answer 47

stimulate anterior pituitary to release TSH

Question 48

which hormones regulate metabolism

Answer 48

T3/4

Question 49

what is the precursor of T3+4

Answer 49

thyroglobulin

Question 50

which hormone regulates calcium levels

Answer 50

calcitonin

Question 51

what does the thyroid gland look like when inactive

Answer 51

remains in the colloid follicular cells are flattened

Question 52

what does the thyroid gland do when active

Answer 52

colloid to follicular cells break down of thyroglobulin to release T3/4 follicular cells arent flatterned

Question 53

what cells produces calcitonin

Answer 53

C cells

Question 54

what is the thyroid gland made up of histologically

Answer 54

follicles

Question 55

what does calcitonin do

Answer 55

decrease Ca2+ absorption decrease osteoclast activity

Question 56

where is thyroglobulin stored

Answer 56

colloid

Question 57

whats the difference between thyroid and parathyroid gland

Answer 57

no follicles or colloid in parathyroid

Question 58

what hormone parathyroid gland release

Answer 58

PTH

Question 59

what does PTH do

Answer 59

stimulate osteoclasts to break down bone to release Ca2+

Question 60

what are the 2 cells types of parathyroid

Answer 60

chief cells oxyphil cells

Question 61

how are chief cells stained

Answer 61

small dark nuclei

Question 62

how are oxyphil cells stained

Answer 62

large pink cytoplasm

Question 63

which cells in parathyroid secrete PTH

Answer 63

chief cells

Question 64

how is the parathyroid gland highly vascular

Answer 64

lots of capillaries to get hormones into blood stream

Question 65

whats the main role of the adrenal cortex

Answer 65

secrete steroid hormones

Question 66

what does the zona glomerulosa produce

Answer 66

mineralocorticoids

Question 67

what does the zona fasciculata release

Answer 67

glucocorticoids

Question 68

what does the zona reticularis release

Answer 68

adrenal sex hormones

Question 69

how is zona fasciculata stained

Answer 69

pale cytoplasm

Question 70

whats the difference between zona reticularis vs fasciculata

Answer 70

irregular group of cells and less cytoplasm

Question 71

what cell type is the medulla of adrenal gland made of

Answer 71

chromaffin cells

Question 72

how are chromaffin cells arranged

Answer 72

in clusters around medullary vein

Question 73

what 2 hormones do chromaffin release

Answer 73

epinephrine norepinephrine

Question 74

what is the medulla described as

Answer 74

very basophilic

Question 75

what are the 3 types of cells in the islet of langerhans

Answer 75

alpha cells beta cells delta cells

Question 76

what do alpha cells release

Answer 76

glucagon

Question 77

what does the b cells release

Answer 77

insulin

Question 78

what do the d cells release

Answer 78

somatostatin

Question 79

how are islet of lagerhans cells stained

Answer 79

IHC

Question 80

where is the pineal gland found

Answer 80

behind cerebellum

Question 81

what does the pineal gland do

Answer 81

synthesise melatonin

Question 82

what are the 2 cells types in pineal gland

Answer 82

pinealocytes neuroglial cells

Question 83

what 3 molecules does the gastrointestinal system release

Answer 83

- gastrin - secretin - somatostatin

Question 84

what 3 molecules does the respiratory system release

Answer 84

- serotonin - calcitonin - bombesin

Question 85

what are the endocrine gland of the pancreas made of

Answer 85

islet of langerhans

Question 86

what does secretin do

Answer 86

promotes secretion of watery fluid in bicarbonate

Question 87

what does secretin do

Answer 87

promotes secretion of watery fluid in bicarbonate

Question 88

what does CCK do

Answer 88

stimulate pancreatic fluid

Question 89

what does gastrin do

Answer 89

also secretes pancreatic fluid

Question 90

what is pancreatic juice made of

Answer 90

sodium bicarbonate

Question 91

what are proenzymes described as

Answer 91

zymogens

Question 92

what enzyme activates trypsinogen

Answer 92

enteropeptidase