w7

Question 1

define everyday memory

Answer 1

Memory phenomena people
experience in normal life

Question 2

what is autobiographical memory

Answer 2

memory for events in one’s own life

Question 3

what is most important for us to measure memory

Answer 3

Content more important than accuracy

Question 4

what does autobiographical memory relate to in traditional memory research

Answer 4

episodic memory and semantic memory

Question 5

what is a schema

Answer 5

integrated knowledge structure for things which captures commonly encountered aspects of life

Question 6

what do schemas allow us to do

Answer 6

• Allows us to form expectations.
• Helps us to draw inferences

Question 7

what is memory

Answer 7

interaction between event and our own pre-
existing schemata

Question 8

schema-relevant

Answer 8

better memory than schema-irrelevant

Question 9

schema-congruent

Answer 9

schema can provide retrieval cues

Question 10

schema incongruent

Answer 10

elaboration, attracted attention

Question 11

schema irrelevant

Answer 11

no good memory

Question 12

downside of schemas

Answer 12

• schema’s are packets of knowledge which can distort our memory
• produce a coherent (but not necessarily accurate) story.
• rationalisations: making it in line with own (cultural) expectations

Question 13

what is childhood amnesia

Answer 13

Almost total lack of autobiographical memories from first 3 yrs of life

Question 14

how does Freud explain childhood amnesia

Answer 14

Repression of sexual feelings towards parents

Question 15

neurological explanation for childhood amnesia

Answer 15

hippocampus and frontal lobes are still developing

Question 16

how do schemas impact childhood amnesia

Answer 16

Underdeveloped schema’s / semantic memory could cause it

Question 17

what does the emergent cognitive self mean

Answer 17

child may only recognise themself as a unique and individual entity at 18 months

Question 18

what is the reminiscence bump

Answer 18

Lots of memories from age 15-25

Question 19

neurological explanation for reminiscence bump

Answer 19

brain peak- neither maturing nor declining

Question 20

identity formation view of reminiscence bump

Answer 20

this is a time of decisions which shape the future, we create a life script and a sense of adult identity

Question 21

what is a life script

Answer 21

coherent, integrated account of who we are and how we became like this

Question 22

cognitive account of reminiscence bump

Answer 22

primacy effect- better memory for first time events, less
proactive interference

Question 23

how do we describe the accuracy of autobiographical memory

Answer 23

Truthful to the gist of actual experiences.
Tendency to place ourselves centre-stage
Tendency for favourable view of present self
Tendency to create a coherent memory

Question 24

what does it mean that we have a tendency to create a coherent memory

Answer 24

memory which consists with our current goals and beliefs

Question 25

what are flashbulb memories

Answer 25

highly detailed and vivid memories for surprising events that are relatively resistant to forgetting

Question 26

is witness confidence a good predictor of accuracy of EWT

Answer 26

no

Question 27

how does race impact EWT

Answer 27

Cross-racial identification harder than inter-racial

Question 28

what is the expertise hypothesis

Answer 28

cross-racial identification is difficult as we have more experience distinguishing faces of same race

Question 29

what is the social-cognitive hypothesis

Answer 29

more thorough facial processing of faces of the in- group compared to the out-group

Question 30

what factors affect EWT at perceptual stage

Answer 30

darkness, distance, duration, lighting

Question 31

what factors affect EWT at encoding stage

Answer 31

stress, violence

Question 32

what factors affect EWT at storage stage

Answer 32

time (decay, interference)

Question 33

what factors affect EWT at retrieval stage

Answer 33

Questioning, expectations, misrememberings

Question 34

what is confirmation bias

Answer 34

You remember what you expect to see

Question 35

what is the effect of violence crime on memory

Answer 35

Memory for central aspects of a violent event better than a non-violent event, but worse memory for peripheral aspects

Question 36

what is weapon focus effect

Answer 36

the unexpectedness of the weapon in the context leads to better remembering

Question 37

the forgetting curve is Ebbinghausen in nature, meaning...

Answer 37

sharp drop within 20 mins., continued forgetting until leveling out 2 days after event

Question 38

source misinformation says

Answer 38

Source of post-event information memory trace is wrongly attributed to the original event

Question 39

vacant memory slot says

Answer 39

Misinformation more likely to be accepted if original correct info did not get stored

Question 40

memory coexistence says

Answer 40

both original and misleading info remembered, but misleading is more recent- obscures other memory trace

Question 41

why does the CI recreate the environment

Answer 41

Principle of encoding specificity and mood congruency- act as retrieval cues

Question 42

why does CI say to report everything

Answer 42

may lead to someone remembering important cue to trigger more info

Question 43

why does CI say to report things in a different order

Answer 43

Different retrieval pathways to same piece of info. Different starting points can lead to different details.

Question 44

why does CI say to report events from someone else's perspective

Answer 44

perspective provides a schematic structure for retrieval, can make some info more salient

Question 45

why do we not interrupt someone mid CI

Answer 45

Disrupts natural retrieval process. cf. part-set cueing effect: giving partial information inhibits recall