w4

Question 1

what is the what stream

Answer 1

temporal/ ventral

Question 2

what is the where stream

Answer 2

parietal/ dorsal

Question 3

lesions in the what stream lead to

Answer 3

specific impairments in object recognition

Question 4

lesions in the where stream lead to

Answer 4

deficits in spatial attention

Question 5

what is simultanagnosia

Answer 5

unable to focus attention on more than one object at a time

Question 6

what is Balint’s syndrome

Answer 6

damage to parietal cortex leading to simultanagnosia and problems combining features of a stimulus

Question 7

what has been found about the parietal cortex and feature binding

Answer 7

during conjunction search, posterior temporal cortex and parietal cortex show increased activation over baseline control conditions

Question 8

what does TMS to parietal lobe disrupt

Answer 8

conjunction search, but not feature search

Question 9

what is hemispatial neglect

Answer 9

lack of awareness of stimuli presented to the side of space on the opposite side to the brain damage

Question 10

what is extinction

Answer 10

Patients detect a single stimulus presented to one visual field, but fail to detect the same stimulus when another stimulus is simultaneously presented to the other field

Question 11

how much processing happens with objects in hemispatial neglect

Answer 11

a lot of basic perceptual processing happens to things in the neglected field

Question 12

there is a priming effect with objects in the neglected field- what does this mean

Answer 12

An object presented to the neglected field can change the patient’s behaviour, so the object has been semantically processed

Question 13

where would a lesion underly neglect

Answer 13

Right inferior parietal lobe

Question 14

what are neglect and extinction deficits of

Answer 14

deficits of attention not
perception

Question 15

what is neglect due to impairment of

Answer 15

the stimulus-driven system

Question 16

what system is intact for neglect patients

Answer 16

endogenous orienting system

Question 17

when are neglect patients most impaired

Answer 17

when trying to disengage attention from intact side

Question 18

neglect/extinction has most prevalence after

Answer 18

right brain damage

Question 19

which type of attention has evidence suggested has disproportionately more problems

Answer 19

exogenous attention

Question 20

what is ADHD characterised by

Answer 20

hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention beginning in childhood

Question 21

ADHD is 3x more common in

Answer 21

boys

Question 22

prevalence of ADHD in adulthood

Answer 22

2.5%

Question 23

symptoms of predominantly inattentive ADHD

Answer 23

Difficulty in finishing a task, following instructions; easily distracted

Question 24

symptoms of predominantly hyperactive ADHD

Answer 24

Difficulty in sitting still for long periods; fidgeting; speaks or acts at inappropriate times

Question 25

most common ADHD subtype

Answer 25

Combined inattentive and hyperactive

Question 26

what iOS the heritability of ADHD

Answer 26

parents/siblings of a child with ADHD 5x more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD

Question 27

which factors make ADHD more likely

Answer 27

- Pre-natal exposure to alcohol and nicotine * Premature birth and low birth weight * Perinatal brain injury * Environmental toxins e.g. lead, pesticides

Question 28

there is a 3% reduction in volume of which area in ADHD patients

Answer 28

overall cortical and especially prefrontal

Question 29

where is there reduced grey matter in ADHD patients

Answer 29

fronto-parietal attention network

Question 30

where do ADHD patients have reduced cortical connectivity

Answer 30

between hemispheres and within fronto-parietal attention networks

Question 31

where do ADHD patients have hyperactivity

Answer 31

prefrontal cortex, especially dACC

Question 32

molecular differences in ADHD patients

Answer 32

Imbalance in dopamine and noradrenaline circuits

Question 33

what does reduced volume, activity, and connectivity in brain regions in ADHD patients lead to

Answer 33

the endogenous attention system and executive functions

Question 34

which drugs are commonly prescribed for ADHD

Answer 34

Methylphenidate (e.g. Ritalin) and Dextroamphetamine (e.g. Attentin)

Question 35

how do medications work to treat ADHD

Answer 35

by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine (NOR) and dopamine (DOP) and facilitating their release, enhancing availability in prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia