w9 and 10

Question 1

cause of dementia

Answer 1

neurological disorder, caused by progressive cell death

Question 2

hallmarks of dementia

Answer 2

memory loss and effects on language functioning

Question 3

define aphasia

Answer 3

language impairments

Question 4

define apraxia

Answer 4

motor memory impairments

Question 5

define agnosia

Answer 5

sensory memory impairments

Question 6

what is needed to diagnose dementia

Answer 6

• memory impairment
• one of the a’s (aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, abstract thinking impairments)
• impairment in social behaviour
• not explainable by another disorder

Question 7

cause of degenerative dementias

Answer 7

genetic

Question 8

cause of non degenerative dementias

Answer 8

a heterogeneous group of disorders with diverse origin

Question 9

example of cortical dementia

Answer 9

Alzheimer’s

Question 10

example of subcortical dementia

Answer 10

Parkinson’s

Question 11

cause of Parkinson’s

Answer 11

dopaminergic cell loss

Question 12

examples of memory impairments

Answer 12

• difficulty learning new info
• info retrieval deficits
• personal episodic memory impairment

Question 13

which memory is more commonly impaired

Answer 13

declarative rather than procedural

Question 14

what are language deficits

Answer 14

• list generation deficits
• word-finding difficulties
• verbal fluency deficits
• less complex sentence structure

Question 15

what are visual recognition impairments

Answer 15

trouble recognizing familiar faces

Question 16

what are spatial deficits

Answer 16

getting lost in familiar surroundings

Question 17

in Alzheimer’s, which brain area shows clearest evidence for cell loss

Answer 17

The entorhinal cortex (link between neocortex and hippocampus)

Question 18

what are other affected areas in Alzheimer’s

Answer 18

limbic cortex, inferior temporal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex

Question 19

which areas are spared in Alzheimer’s

Answer 19

primary sensory and motor areas

Question 20

what are the 2 main categories of LTM

Answer 20

• implicit (non-declarative)
• explicit (declarative)

Question 21

what is implicit memory

Answer 21

Ability to recall a movement sequence or how to
perform some act or behavior

Question 22

what is explicit memory

Answer 22

Ability to recall what one knows, to detail the time,
place, and circumstances of events

Question 23

2 types of explicit memory

Answer 23

semantic and episodic

Question 24

3 types of implicit memory

Answer 24

procedural, priming, conditioning

Question 25

what is procedural memory

Answer 25

Skills, how to perform certain action

Question 26

how does procedural learning occur

Answer 26

slowly, and gradually

Question 27

what is priming

Answer 27

Processing a stimulus is influenced by prior encounter with the same or a related stimulus- occurs rapidly

Question 28

how are explicit vs implicit memories encoded differently

Answer 28

* Implicit information is processed in a “bottom- up” or data-driven manner – Information is encoded in the same way it was perceived * Explicit information is processed in a “top-down” or conceptually-driven manner – The subject is able to reorganise the information

Question 29

in what kind of learning does the person have a passive task

Answer 29

implicit tasks

Question 30

what kind of memory is learned unintentionally

Answer 30

implicit

Question 31

how is explicit memory retrieved

Answer 31

conscious recollection of prior experience

Question 32

how is implicit memory retrieved

Answer 32

result of the test depends on previous experience, but not on awareness that memory is being used

Question 33

what is amnesia

Answer 33

term for loss of memory

Question 34

what is anterograde amnesia

Answer 34

forgets everything new after few minutes

Question 35

what does the medial temporal region include

Answer 35

* Hippocampus * Amygdala * Entorhinal cortex * Parahippocampal cortex * Perirhinal cortex

Question 36

which are the prime structures for explicit memory

Answer 36

- medial temporal region - frontal cortex - reciprocal connections between frontal and temporal regions

Question 37

what is double dissociation

Answer 37

only one of implicit or explicit memory are impaired

Question 38

which brain areas are involved in implicit memory

Answer 38

– Basal Ganglia – Ventral Thalamus – Substantia Nigra – Premotor Cortex

Question 39

what is semantic memory

Answer 39

Semantic memory is a person's knowledge about the world

Question 40

what is episodic memory

Answer 40

recollection of where and when events happened in one’s own life

Question 41

what is double dissociation

Answer 41

when someone loses their episodic memory but not their semantic memory

Question 42

why do we separate episodic and semantic memory

Answer 42

- Theoretically different - Double dissociation

Question 43

what is consolidation

Answer 43

Consolidation is a process lasting for several hours which fixes information in LTM

Question 44

when are memory traces most vulnerable

Answer 44

shortly after learning

Question 45

what are the 2 stages of consolidation according to cognitive neuroscience

Answer 45

1. temporary storage in hippocampus (necessary to create memory trace, but not sufficient for consolidated memories) 2. then transfer to cortex, involvement of distributed involvement of several areas

Question 46

what is a bilingual

Answer 46

individual who has the mental representation (knowledge) of more than one language

Question 47

what is a native bilingual

Answer 47

those that have two native languages

Question 48

what are the 2 ways cross-language competition in speech planning is resolved

Answer 48

1. Bilinguals develop skill in selectively attending to the critical information that signals language status 2. Bilinguals learn to inhibit irrelevant information once it has been activated

Question 49

what development does experience in managing 2 languages promote

Answer 49

control over attention and inhibition

Question 50

what can bilingualism delay

Answer 50

the onset of dementia

Question 51

what are the neural differences in bilinguals during conflict monitoring

Answer 51

bilinguals activated a lesser portion of the anterior cingulate cortex

Question 52

what are semantic networks

Answer 52

Network of unitary nodes (no internal structure) and labelled links between them

Question 53

what is Broca's aphasia

Answer 53

– Comprehension is relatively preserved – Deficits in producing language

Question 54

what is Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 54

– Comprehension generally impaired – Produce fluent but meaningless speech