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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > w2 > Flashcards

w2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is reception

A

Absorption of physical
energy – i.e. photons

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2
Q

what is transaction

A

Physical energy is
converted into an
electrochemical pattern
in the neurons

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3
Q

what is coding

A

One-to-one correspondence
between aspects of the physical stimulus and aspects of the resultant
nervous system activity

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4
Q

what element of vision involves rods

A

light and movement

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5
Q

what element of vision involves cones

A

colour and sharpness

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6
Q

where are the majority of cones located

A

the fovea

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7
Q

where are most rods located

A

outer regions of the retina

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8
Q

what colour range is human eye most sensitive to

A

green range

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9
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz
then proposed that…

A

there must be three types of
colour receptors in the
human eye, responding to
different wavelengths of
light

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10
Q

what did Thomas Young find

A

all colours of the
spectrum can be produced
by mixing 3 primary colours

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11
Q

what colour is short wavelength

A

blue

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12
Q

what colour is medium wavelength

A

yellow/green

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13
Q

what colour is long wavelength

A

red

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14
Q

what level does opponent-process theory work at

A

neurons

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15
Q

what is colour constancy

A

The tendency for a surface to appear to have the same colour despite a
change in the wavelengths contained in the illuminant

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16
Q

what are the 2 pathways after the retina

A

Parvocellular (P) Pathway
Magnocellular (M) Pathway

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17
Q

what is the P pathway sensitive to

A

Sensitive to colour and fine detail

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18
Q

which pathway has most input from cones

A

P pathway

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19
Q

what is the M pathway sensitive to

A

Most sensitive to motion

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20
Q

which pathway has the most inout from rods

A

M pathway

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21
Q

what are the steps in the pathway from the eye to the brain (5)

A
  1. Retina 2. Optic nerve 3. Optic chiasm
  2. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) 5. cortical area V1
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22
Q

what is a receptive field

A

The region of the sensory space (i.e. retina) within which light will cause the neuron to fire

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23
Q

what is retinotopy

A

Things that are near to each
other in space are processed
in cells that are physically
near to one another

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24
Q

what is lateral inhibition

A

A reduction of activity
(inhibition) in one neuron
that is caused by a
neighbouring neuron

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25
why is lateral inhibition useful
Useful for enhancing contrast at edges of objects
26
what does LGN stand for
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
27
what is LGN part of
the thalamus
28
what is the thalamus
a subcortical relay for most of the brain’s sensory input and motor outpu
29
what do cells in the LGN have
a centre-surround receptive field
30
what does the centre-surround receptive field in LGN cells do
Responds to differences in light across their receptive field
31
what are the roles of the LGN
- Responds to differences in light across their receptive field - maintains a retinotopic map - correlates signals from the retina in space and time
32
what are the roles of V1 (the primary visual cortex)
- Extracts basic information from the visual scene - send this information for stages of processing - maintains retinotopy
33
what did single-cell recordings by Hubel and Wiesel (1979) indicate
in V1, some cells respond to simple features, and others combine those features into more complex ones
34
what does damage to V1 lead to
cortical blindness
35
what is cortical blindness
the patient cannot consciously report objects presented in this region of space
36
what can a patient with cortical blindness still do
the patient is still able to make some visual discriminations in the "blind" area
37
with cortical blindness, why is the patient is still able to make some visual discriminations in the "blind" area
there are other routes from the eye to the brain
38
what is blindsight
Filling-in of ‘blind’ regions similar to filling-in of normal blind spot
39
what does the functional specialisation theory suggest
Different parts of the visual cortex are specialised for different visual functions
40
V1 and V2 role
Early stage of visual perception (e.g. shapes)
41
V3 and V3a role
Responsive to form (especially of moving objects)
42
V4 role
Responsive to colour
43
V5/MT role
Responsive to visual motion
44
who created functional specialisation theory
Zeki
45
what is the central assumption of functional specialisation theory
that colour, form, and motion are processed in anatomically separate parts of the visual cortex
46
what did Zeki (1991) do
a brain imaging (PET) study
47
what did Zeki (1991) find about human V4
V4 more active for coloured than greyscale images- specialised for colour
48
what did Zeki (1991) find about human V5
V5 more active for moving dots compared with static dots- specialised for motion
49
what is cortical achromatopsia
patients can't see colour due to damage to V4, V2, or V3, despite a fully functioning retina
50
what do case studies of patients with cortical achromatopsia indicate
Case studies indicate intact implicit colour processing in patients with achromatopsia
51
what do we conclude from case studies of patients with achomatopsia
V4 is involved in colour processing but the link between colour processing and V4 is not perfect
52
what is V5/MT involved with
motion processing in brain imaging studies of humans
53
what does damage to V5/MT lead to
akinetopsia
54
what could a patient with akinetopsia do/ not do
- can locate stationary objects - can detect colour - motion perception deficient
55
what is the binding problem
Sighted people don’t perceive the colour of things separately to their shape, but in your brain those things are processed separately... so where in the brain is the thing that is perceived?
56
what is the parietal (dorsal) pathway
the where pathway, concerned with movement processing
57
what is the temporal (ventral) pathway
the what pathway, concerned with colour and form processing
58
what are the steps of the model of object recognition
1. Early visual processing (colour, motion, edges etc.) 2. Perceptual segregation: Grouping of visual elements (Gestalt principles, figure–ground segmentation) 3. Matching grouped visual description onto a representation of the object stored in the brain (called structural descriptions) 4. Attaching meaning to the object (based on prior semantic knowledge)
59
what is perceptual segregation
Separating visual input into individual objects
60
when does perceptual segregation occur
Thought to occur before object recognition
61
what are the 4 Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organisation
a) The law of proximity b) The law of similarity c) The law of good continuation d) The law of closure
62
issues with gestalt psychology
- Most evidence only descriptive, not explanatory - Relies heavily on introspection and evidence from 2D drawings - Some segmentation clearly occurs via top-down prior knowledge
63
what is agnosia
impairment in object recognition (without primary visual deficits)
64
what is apperceptive agnosia
Impairment in the process which constructs a perceptual representation from vision, can see parts but not the whole
65
what is apperceptive agnosia involved with
ateral occipital lobe damage
66
what is associative agnosia
Impairment in the process which maps a perceptual representation onto knowledge of the objects functions and associations, seeing the whole but not its meaning
67
what is associative agnosia involved with
occipito-temporal damage
68
when shown a drawing of an object, what would a patient with associative agnosia be able to do
preserved ability to copy drawings of objects, but unable to name them or show what they are fo
69
what are issues with research into object perception
- most Psych research comes from white male Western researchers and participants - Westerners prioritise processing / categorising objects, while East Asians prioritise the relationships between objects and context
70
lesions to different areas of the brain in the ventral visual stream leads to
agnosia for different types of objects
71
why are faces different to other objects
Face recognition is a within-category discrimination (all faces look very similar), whereas other objects are between-category discrimination
72
why may facial recognition be different to other object discrimination
Faces are so important from a social/evolutionary perspective that they may have a mechanism all to themselves
73
what is prosopagnosia
Impairment of face processing that doesn’t come from damage to early visual processing
74
what is the fusiform brain area
- Part of the ventral (what) stream - Responds to faces more than other types of objects in functional imaging experiments
75
what is evidence for holistic processing in face recognition
Sighted people are slower and less accurate at identifying inverted (upside down) faces
76
why does Gauthier suggest that faces are special
we have become experts at within-category discriminations
77
what is a criticism of the holistic processing model of facial recognition
not all prosopagnosic patients are impaired on within- category discrimination
78

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (9 decks)

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