W7_01 Normal Sleep

Question 1

what are 4 key neurotransmitters of the waking state?

Answer 1

histamine;
norepinephrine;
serotonin;
acetylcholine

Question 2

frequency of alpha rhythms?

Answer 2

8-13 Hz

Question 3

what are the testing outcomes of EEC, EOG, EMG in the waking state?

Answer 3

EEG: alpha rhythm;
EOG: rapid, blinking;
EMG: high

Question 4

what are the testing outcomes of EEC, EOG, EMG in the N1 stage?

Answer 4

light sleep;
EEG: <50% alpha
EOG: slow roving eyes
EMG: high

Question 5

what are the testing outcomes of EEC, EOG, EMG in the N2 stage?

Answer 5

EEG: K complexes!
EOG: eyes still
EMG: high

Question 6

what are the testing outcomes of EEC, EOG, EMG in the N3 stage?

Answer 6

EEG: high voltage, low frequency (delta <2Hz);
EOG: eyes still;
EMG: low tone

Question 7

what are the testing outcomes of EEC, EOG, EMG in REM stage?

Answer 7

EEG: mixed freq, low voltage;
EOG: rapid;
EMG: very low

Question 8

what are physiological characteristics of N3/4 sleep?

Answer 8

homeostatic/rejuvenating;
reduced BP, HR, cardiac output, RR (metabolic activity);
GH release

Question 9

what are physiological characteristics of REM sleep?

Answer 9

cholinergic brain state;
irregular resp and heart beats;
dreaming;
tonic: hypotension, bradycardia, up CBF, up ICP, up RR, erection, atonia;
phasic: vasoconstriction, increased BP, tachycardia, up CBF, up RR

Question 10

what structure is critical for rem sleep generation?

Answer 10

pons

Question 11

IL-1 does what for sleep?

Answer 11

hypnogenesis

Question 12

which sleep stage do we spend the most time in? what about newborns?

Answer 12

N2;

REM in newborns

Question 13

define sleep onset latency

Answer 13

time from lights out to fallen asleep

Question 14

define REM latency

Answer 14

time from sleep onset to REM sleep (~90 mins)

Question 15

define sleep efficiency

Answer 15

time asleep/time in bed (~90%)

Question 16

effect of benzodiazepines on sleep?

Answer 16

make drowsy, but reduce slow wave/restorative sleep.

Question 17

effect of antidepressants on sleep?

Answer 17

reduce REM and prolong REM latency

Question 18

circadian control is governed by which structure?

Answer 18

suprachiasmatic nuclei;
inputs from eyes, raphe nuclei of pons reticular formation;
outputs to specific hypothalamus/thalamus structures

Question 19

CLOCK, BMAL, PER, CRY are what?

Answer 19

circadian rhythm/clock genes

Question 20

define cataplexy

Answer 20

loss of muscle tone with emotion