Water and Carbon Cycles Flashcards
(83 cards)
compare and contrast open, closed and isolated systems. use examples for each
open systems allow both matter and energy to pass through the system boundaries, such as the atmospheric cycle. Closed systems only allow energy to pass the system boundaries, such as the energy balance of the earth in the atmosphere, which interacts with radiation from the sun but no matter. Isolated systems do not allow either matter or energy to pass through the system boundaries, and are much rarer to find. On a local scale, an isolated system could warm soup in a flask, as the vacuum flask means there is no interaction with energy or matter.
define closed systems
a system in which only energy, not matter, can pass through the system boundaries
define an open system
a system where both energy and matter can interact past the system boundaries
define isolated systems
a system where neither matter nor energy can pass through the system boundaries
what is positive feedback
where an event’s consequences are amplified by subsequent events triggered by the initial event
give an example of positive feedback on a local, regional and global scale
local: soil degradation as a result of overgrazing will lead to further degradation as rainfall will sweep away nutrients, meaning less vegetation will grow there, so more soil will be washed away by heavy rainfall
regional: evapotranspiration reduced by reduced rainfall will mean less rainfall, so less evapotranspiration
global: climate change resulting in ice sheets containing trapped GHG means climate change will be further enhanced, melting more ice sheets
what is negative feedback?
when an event’s consequences are reduced by subsequent events triggered by the initial event
give examples of negative feedback locally, regionally and globally
local: volcanic eruption releases carbon into surroundings, however this fertilises soils and leads to more plant growth, so less CO2 is present.
regional: increase in CO2 levels means more vegetation in an area, so less CO2 as it becomes locked in the biosphere
global: increase in temperatures world wide increase transpiration, so more sunlight is reflected, meaning a decrease in global temperatures
give the definition of an output
things which are removed from the system
give examples of outputs for the water and carbon cycles
evaporation removes water from the cycle back to the atmosphere while in the carbon cycle combustion releases carbon to the atmosphere
give the definition of an input
things which are added to a system
give examples of inputs in the water and carbon cycles
water: precipitation
carbon: photosynthesis
define flux
measurement of the rate of flow of material between the stores over time
define store/component
stationary things within the system
define dynamic equilibrium
when inputs and outputs are balanced
define flow/transfer/throughput
the movement of something within a system, often between stores
give the throughputs of the water cycle (7 items)
throughflow, stemflow, infiltration, percolation, groundwater flow, overland flow, channel flow,
define heterotroph
absorbs food, animals
define anthropogenic
humn activity and pollution causes
define anthropogenic
human activity and pollution causes
give the major stores of the water cycle (water basin not global)
atmosphere, water table, aquifers, lakes, oceans
give the major stores of water on earth
hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere
give the major flows in the carbon cycle (9 items)
photosynthesis, respiration, consumption, excretion and death, sequestration, formation of sedimentary rocks, combustion, weathering, volcanic eruption
give the major stores of the carbon cycle in order of size
marine and sedimentary rocks ( 100,000 billion metric tonnes), oceans ( 38 000 bmt), fossil fuels (4000 bmt), soil (1 500 bmt), atmosphere (750 bmt), plants (560 bmt)