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GEOGRAPHY > WATER EQ1 > Flashcards

WATER EQ1 Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

What are systems thinking?

A

Something that is made up of different components that work together in an interconnected way to perform some function

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2
Q

What is a store?

A

A place where water is held

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3
Q

What is a flow?

A

A process that moves water between stores.

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4
Q

What is a flux?

A

When a flow becomes quantifiable.
Eg. 160000 tonnes of water is evaporated per year.

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5
Q

What is channel water? (Hydrological cycle)

A

Water in rivers and streams.

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6
Q

What is evapotranspiration? (Hydrological cycle)

A

Combining water from stomata and plant transpiration.

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7
Q

What is interception? (Hydrological cycle)

A

Rain caught by vegetation before hitting the ground.

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8
Q

What is through fall? (Hydrological cycle)

A

Rain that falls through vegetation and reaches the ground.

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9
Q

What is stem flow? (Hydrological cycle)

A

Rain that is intercepted but then flows down plants into the ground

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10
Q

What is infiltration? (Hydrological cycle)

A

Transition from above ground into the soil

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11
Q

What is percolation? (Hydrological cycle)

A

Downward movement of water through soil and rock due to gravity

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12
Q

What is soil through flow? (Hydrological cycle)

A

Movement of water in soil due to hydrostatic pressure. (Not gravity)

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13
Q

What is ground water flow? (Hydrological cycle)

A

Movement of water within pore spaces in rocks (not gravity)

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14
Q

What kind of system best describes the hydrological system?

A

Closed

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15
Q

What two things control the hydrological system?

A

Solar energy and gravity

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16
Q

What are the top three stores of water on planet earth?

A

Oceans, ice and ground water

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17
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

Porous rock that can hold water

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18
Q

What is the cryosphere?

A

Frozen parts of the water cycle

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19
Q

What is permafrost?

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A

Ground staying frozen for 2 or more years

20
Q

What is a proportional flow line?

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A

A type of map that represents the movement or flow of something
The size of the arrow is proportional to the frequency of the connection.

21
Q

What is a residency time?

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A

Average amount of time a water molecule will remain in a store

22
Q

Why is residency time important?

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A

Helps us to manage ground water more effectively.

23
Q

Give an example of a fossil aquifer (non essential case study)

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A

Ogalla aquifer in the USA

24
Q

Are water supplies renewable or non renewable?

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A

Both
-cryospheric losses are non renewable, reduces fresh water sources as glacial melting increases the ocean stores
-fossil aquifers are renewable if in a sustainable place and if extraction rates are equal to replenishment rates.

25
What is a drainage basin?
Area of land draining into a river system - contains a series of tributaries joining to form a river system.
26
What is a water shed?
The boundary of a drainage basin -beyond this boundary any input of water will drain into another river in a neighbouring drainage basin
27
What factors affect the inputs stores and outputs of a drainage basin?
Climate Soil Relief/topography Vegetation Geology Human
28
Why is precipitation the main input of a drainage basin?
- multiple types: snow rain hail - amount: volume of rainfall - intensity: rate or frequency of rainfall - seasonality: wether the rain falls through the year or just once - distribution: spread
29
What are the main causes of precipitation? (Rainfall types)
- orographic rainfall: caused by the relief of the land forcing water vapour to rise and cool - convectional rainfall: caused by heating of the earths surface leading to more bouyant parcels or humid air rising (tropical locations - frontal rainfall: caused by warmer air masses rising above a cooler denser air.
30
What are the main causes of precipitation? (Rainfall types)
- orographic rainfall: caused by the relief of the land forcing water vapour to rise and cool - convectional rainfall: caused by heating of the earths surface leading to more bouyant parcels or humid air rising (tropical locations - frontal rainfall: caused by warmer air masses rising above a cooler denser air.
31
What can influence the amount of rainfall?
- rate of convection (amount of heating) - monsoon climate (periods of heavy rainfall) - continentality ( places further from the coast are drier) - mountains (orographic effect)
32
CASE STUDY: ASWAN DAM
-In the Nile river in Egypt. -Egypt recieves 90% of its water from the nile - Estimated that Lake Nassar has evaporated losses of 10-16 billion meters cubed per year (20%of the volume of the Nile) - This prevents flooding downstream which would bring fertile sediment to help farming
33
What are the impacts of deforestation on the Hydrological system?
- decreased O2 sources: impacts health of humans and animals, harder to respire aerobically - increased atmospheric CO2 concentration: more greenhouse gasses which increase global warming - impacts the water cycle: disrupts evaportation levels and drys up mostiure, disturbing the balance of the water cycle.
34
CASE STUDY: DEFORESTATION AMAZON RAINFOREST
- Positive feedback mechanism. - trees being cleared causes less interception and evapotranspiration… - causing less rainfall… - causing trees to become water stressed and die… - increased forest fires due to drier enviroment… - causing more loss of trees… - circling back to less interception and evapotranspiration and this continues.
35
What is the water budget equation?
P (precipitation) = Q (river discharge) = E (evaporation) + or - S (changes in storage)
36
What is a river regime?
A difference in the discharge of the river through the year
37
What factors does a river regime depend on?
Climate Low pressure (high rainfall) Soils Geology Human activity
38
What is a simple vs complex river regime?
Simple: high flow in the summer and low flow in the winter Complex: varies different climate zones from many countries Eg. The nile, flowing through 11 countries
39
What is a flood hydrograph?
A graph that shows how discharge responds to a flood event
40
What factors influence the shape of a hydrograph?
Geology Rainfall intensity Topography Vegetation Shape of drainage basin (circular is flashier) Human influence
41
What is an SUD?
A sustainable drainage system - designed to manage storm water locally to mimic natural drainage and encourage infiltration
42
Factors leading to a ‘flat’ hydrograph/river?
Long lag time and gentle rising limb Elongated rainfall Impermeable rock Sandy soil Gentle relief Long basin Lots of vegetation Antecedent conditions in a defecit Little influence of human activity
43
Factors leading to a ‘flashy’ hydrograph/river?
Short lag time and steep rising limb Quick intense rainfall Permeable rock Clay soil Steep relief Circular basin Little vegetation Antecedent conditions in a surplus More urban
44
CASE STUDY: YUKON RIVER REGIMES
- Conditions: highly variable across the seasons. near polar in winter and soaring temps in the summer. also flows through different climates including mountainous and tundra. - Seasonality: low flow in winter, precipitation is frozen. high flow in summer, precipitation and snow melt. - Human influence: very little, largely natural landscape.
45
CASE STUDY: THE AMAZON RIVER REGIMES
- Climate: tropical, consistently high temperture and precipitation. changes slightly seasonaly. high evapotranspiration due to high biodiversity and temperature - Seasonality: consistent temperature and rainfall creates consistent river flow. some lower rainfall in Sept and Dec leads to lower flow. The ENZO cycles produce rainfall changes and thus river discharge levels - Human influence: deforestation affectd interception infiltration and surface run off increasing the flow. large dams create mmore dischagre above and less below the dam
46
CASE STUDY: INDUS RIVER REGIME
-Climate: monsoon season brings heavy rainfall and snowmelt so higher flow in summer. low temp and precipitation in winter lowers flow. -Human influence: dams and reservoirs control the flow. highre urbanisation reduces flow

GEOGRAPHY (19 decks)

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