GLOBALISATION EQ2 Flashcards
What are the impacts of globalisation for countries, different groups of people and cultures and the physical enviroment? (35 cards)
What is the global shift?
The movement of manufacturing from Europe and the USA to Asian countries
The worlds economic centre of gravity has moved towards…
Western Europe over time due to the economic gain from the industrialisation.
In recent decades it is returning to Eastern Asia due to its globalisation
History of the global shift
- Began in the 1950s with cheap mass produced goods eg toys and textiles relocating to Japan
-Asian tiger economies (South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore) quickly followed in the 60s and 70s - In the 80s and 90s most other Asian countries opened up to globalisation as well as South America and the communist bloc
-Time lag of 10-15yrs between the removal of trade barriers and large FDI flows.
Advantages of the global shift
-Waged work: reliable, regular wage
-Poverty reduction: 1 billion lifted from extreme poverty (less than $1.25 a day)
- Education and training: investment in training and skills development improves workforce productivity
-Investment in infrastructure: attracts manufacturing FDI
Disadvantages of the global shift
-Loss of productive land: decreased agricultural output and increased pollution
-Unplanned settlements: high rural urban migration overcomes housing supply
-Environment or resource pressure: air/water pollution, environmental regulation outpaced, supply and demand difficult to maintain
CASE STUDY: MANUFACTURING IN CHINA
-China opened up to globalisation in 1978 with Deng Xiaoping’s Open Door Policy. It joined the WTO in 2001
-Specially Economic Zones including Shenzhen in the Pear River Delta, Guadong Province and Shanghai.
-The low wages attract FDI for cheap toys and textiles. Since 2000s also higher tech like computers and cars.
-Waged work lifted 680 million people out of extreme poverty.
-Long hours and repetitive tasks increased suicide, there were 14 in 2010 from one factory in Shenzhen.
-Low health and safety initially
-Rising literacy rates
-infrastructure expansion
-increasing numbers of university graduates.
CASE STUDY: SERVICES IN INDIA
-India opened up to globalisation in 1991 with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s economic liberalisation
-Started as mainly outsourcing (call centres) rather than manufacturing
-high English speaking rate due to British imperialism
- increase in inequality; billionaires got richer and those in extreme poverty got poorer
What is reverse colonialism and how does it relate to globalisation?
Defined as the return on colonialised people or land to native ownership or control
- creates a debt-aid relationship, poor terms of trade, bright and productive natives are lost through migration
What is the belt and road project?
A large infrastructure route made of motorways and high speed rail made to connect china to the rest of Eurasia
CASE STUDY: DEPRIVATION IN GLASGOW
Dereliction: the city is home to 1000 hectares of unused land
Contamination: the amount of land and type of pollution was related to the industrial history of the region. High chromium 6 contamination.
Unemployment: between 1961-1981 one third of the population left in search of employment, causing urban depopulation.
Depopulation: due to the unemployed young people leaving Glasgow in search of work
Crime: was known as “the Murder capital of the world” and there was gang behaviour with the likes of the “Razor gangs” gaining traction in the community
What is an internal migrant?
Someone moving to a different area in the same country
What is an economic migrant?
Someone relocating for financial or employment reasons
What is a refugee?
People fleeing a war zone or persecution
What is an asylum seeker?
A refugee seeking shelter in a friendly state
What is a megacity?
A city with a population above 10 million
Urban pull/Rural push factors
Reasons to move from an urban area from a rural one
CASE STUDY: MEGACITY: DHAKA BANGLADESH
Capital of Bangladesh: one of the worlds fastest growing mega cities
- around 400000 new residents arrive each year from rural areas- the city cannot support the rapid growth, leaving resources overstretched.
-population expected to reach 20 million, becoming the worlds 3rd largest city
-Urban pull factors: income opportunities, access to clean water, better education, effective sewage removal
-Rural push factors: lack of resources, poor education and healthcare, few job opportunities
Challenges
-Housing: overcrowded slums, poor quality and high costs
-Sanitation: 2/3rds of sewage left untreated, 4 million lack access to clean water/toilets
-Infrastructure: traffic jams request black outs, poor governance
-Health risks: caused by pollution
-Flooding: Monsoon seasons
What is a global hub? (examples)
A city with an unusually high density of transport, business, political or cultural connections to the rest of the world.
Eg. London, New York and Tokyo
CASE STUDY: ELITE INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS - RUSSIAN OLIGARCHS
-London is a magnet for Russian billionaires
-London is 31% Foreign born, profiting from the successive waves of the ultra rich
-Atrractive due to: its education system, safe investments in property, freedom (not available in Russia) and skilled job opportunities.
CASE STUDY: MASS LOW WAGE ECONOMIC MIGRANTS - INDIANS TO THE UAE AND FILIPINOS TO SAUDI ARABIA
-Over 2 million Indian migrants live in the UAE making up 30% of the total population. An estimated $15 billion is returned to India as remittance each year.
-around 1.5 million migrants from the Philippines have arrived in Saudi when oil prices brought extreme wealth to the country. Around $7 billion dollars is sent back to the Philippines each year.
CASE STUDY- ECONOMIC MIGRANTS IN EUROPE: POLISH MIGRANTS TO THE UK
-Poland joined the EU in 2004. This allowed free movement of labour between the member countries. Since this event, more than 1 million polish immigrants now live in the UK.
Push factors: 20% unemployment in Poland, income 4x lower than in the UK
Pull factors: experience of living abroad, learning English and higher job vacancies
Benefits of mass migration for the source
-Money channelled from the UK to Poland as remittance
-Less Unemployment
Contact with other cultures
Costs of mass migration to the source
-Lower working age population
-Less tax revenue
-Negative multiplier effect
-Families are broken up
Benefits of mass migration to the host
-Contributes to economic growth by an estimated £2.5 billion each year
-Brings in a range of skills
-Offsets an aging population as immigrants are younger
-Migrants fill unwanted work
-Contact with other countries
