Water Resources Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Earth’s surface is covered by ___
A
71% water
2
Q
Percentage of types of water the earth is covered with
A
97.2% - Salt water
2.15% - Ice
0.65% - Lakes, Streams, Subsurface, Water and Atmoshpere
3
Q
States of Water
A
ice, water, vapor
4
Q
The water cycle is aka
A
hydrologic cycle
5
Q
movement of water on Earth and in the atmosphere between states
A
Water cycle
6
Q
Four major steps of the water cycle
A
Condensation
Precipitation
Collection
Evaporation
7
Q
occurs when water changes from a gas back to a liquid
A
Condensation
8
Q
liquid collects in the clouds. If heat is taken away from liquid water, it freezes to become an ice
A
Condensation
9
Q
occurs when water falls back to earth
A
Prepicitation
10
Q
Precipitation over the sea is __ and over the land is __
A
75%, 25%
11
Q
occurs when precipitation collects in bodies of water
A
Collection
12
Q
often soaks into the ground and stored as groundwater
A
Collection
13
Q
occurs when water is heated by the sun, changing it from a liquid to a gas that is aka water vapor
A
Evaporation
14
Q
Evaporation from the sea is __, from land is __, from transpiration from plants is __, and from run offs are __
A
75%, 4%, 14%, 7%
15
Q
process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere
A
Transpiration
16
Q
large, continuous body of salt water
A
Ocean
17
Q
covers nearly 72% of the Earth’s surface (body of water)
A
Ocean
18
Q
Average depth of the ocean is
A
12,201 ft
19
Q
measurement of the depth of water in oceans, rivers, or lakes
A
Bathymetry
20
Q
type of sonar commonly use for:
navigation
measuring depth
detecting fish and plankton
A
Echosounders
21
Q
SONAR
A
Sound Navigating and Ranging
22
Q
deepest point in the ocean is almost 36,198ft
A
Mariana Trench in the Western Pacific
23
Q
Mariana Trench depth
A
36,198ft
24
Q
salt concentration in sea water
A
Ocean Salinity
25
How does salinity affect density and temperature
Salinity is directly proportionate to density and inversely proportionate to temperature
26
Oceans of the world acc. to area
Pacific
Atlantic
Indian
Antarctic
Arctic
27
surrounds the Atlantic Ocean, including the east coasts of Northern America, coastal areas of Western Europe and Africa
Passive Continental Margins
28
found along most of the coastal areas
Passive Continental Margins
29
this type of continental margin is not associated with plate boundaries or volcanic activity
Passive continental margin
30
gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline towards the deep ocean basin and underlain by the continental crust
Continental shelf
31
represent only 7.5% of the total ocean area
Continental shelf
32
has political and economic significance because it contains mineral deposits that include large deposits of petroleum and a fishing ground for food
Continental shelf
33
steep structure that marks the boundary between continental crust and oceanic crust
Continental Slope
34
narrow feature averaging only about 20km in width
Continental Slope
35
in regions where trenches DNE, the continental slope merges into a more gradual incline
Continental rise
36
slope drops about ___ into deep ocean basin (Continental rise)
6m/km
37
consists of a thick accumulation of sediment that moved downslope from the continental shelf to the deep ocean floor
Continental rise
38
located around pacific ocean (continental margin)
Active continental margin
39
sediments from the ocean floor and pieces of ocean crust are scraped from the descending oceanic plate and plastered against the edge of the overriding continent
Active continental margin
40
tectonically active, has many volcanoes.
Active continental margin
41
Five Types of Continental Margins
Passive Continental Margin
Active Continental Margin
Continental Slope
Continental Rise
Continental Shelf
42
flat features and regions that are most likely the most level places on Earth
Abyssal plains
43
downslope movements of dense, sediment-laden water; created when sand and mud on the continental shelf and slope are dislodged
Turbidity currents
44
Volcanic peaks that dotted the ocean floors and can rise hundreds of meters above surrounding topography
Seamounts
45
seamounts are often found in
Pacific region
46
long, relatively narrow features that form the deepest parts of the ocean, and most are located in the Pacific Ocean
Deep ocean trench
47
sites where moving lithospheric plates plunge back into the mantle
Deep ocean trench
48
regions where earthquakes and volcanic activity are associated with and are often paralleled by volcanic island arc
Deep Ocean Trench
49
What can be found in the Deep Ocean Basin?
Abyssal Plains
Deep Ocean Trench
Seamounts
50
Two types of Ocean Waves
Waves of Oscillation
Waves of Translation
51
- winds generate surface currents, gravity of the moon and sun produces the tides and density differences create deep-ocean circulation
Waves
52
Parts of an Ocean Wave
Direction of trave
Crest
Trough
Wave height
Wavelength
Wave frequency
Wave Period
53
number of wave crests passing point A per second
Wave frequency
54
time required for the wave crest at point A to reach point B
Wave period
55
waves in the open sea in which the wave form advances as the water particles move in circular orbits
Waves of Oscillation
56
turbulent advance of water formed near the shore as waves of oscillation collapse, break or form a surf
Waves of translation
57
commonly small, shallow, and near the continental areas oor land
Sea
58
made up of different salts, sulfates, carbonates
Sea waters
59
lesser number of salts, since it's smaller than the ocean
Sea
60
large, natural stream of flowing water
River
61
found on every continent and on nearly every kind of land
River
62
this body of water could be short and long, and wide and narrow
RIVER
63
Rivers of the world by kilometers
Nile
Amazon
Missouri - Mississipi
Yangtze
Ob-Irtysh
64
Longest rivers in the PH
Cagayan River
Rio Grande de Mindanao
Magat River
Agusan River
Pampanga River
65
natural flow of water smaller than a river
Stream
66
formed by run off from underground due to the water cycle
Stream
67
slope of a stream channel expressed as the vertical drop of a stream over a specified distance
Gradient
68
shape, size and roughness of the channel affect the amount of friction
Channel characteristics
69
___ channels have more efficient flow, ___ channel promotes a more uniform flow, ___ channel filled with boulders creates enough turbulence to slow down stream flow
large, smooth, irregular
70
volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time and usually measured in m^3/sec
Discharge
71
body of water's steep fall over a rocky ledge into a plunge pool below
Waterfall
72
A waterfall could be ___ if there's a great volume of water
Cataract
73
A waterfall could be __ if there's a small volume of water
Cascade
74
an entire river system
watershed
75
area drained by a river and its tributaries
drainage basin
76
water that has traveled down from the soil surface and collected in the spaces between sediments and the cracks within the rock
Groundwater
77
portion of the lithosphere in which the pore spaces are filled with water i.e. the region beneath the water table
Zone of saturation
78
underground boundary between the soil surface and the area where groundwater saturates spaces between sediments and cracks in rock
Water table
79
water soaks into the ground because bedrock, sediments, and soil contain countless voids or openings called pore spaces
Porosity
80
quantity of groundwater that can be stored depends on the ___ of the material which is the material which is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces
Porosity
81
- ability of the ability of a material to transmit a fluid
- ground water moves by twisting and turning through interconnected small openings
- the smaller the pore spaces, the slower the water moves
Permeability
82
impermeable layers that hinder or prevent water movement
e.g. clay (high porosity: poor permeability due to small pore spaces)
Aquitards
83
permeable layer or sediments that transmit groundwater freely
e.g. gravel (large pore spaces)
Aquifers
84
hole in the ground that forms when water dissolves surface rock
Sinkhole
85
Environmental problems associated with groundwater
Non-renewable source
Land subsidence
Groundwater contamination
86
overuse threatens groundwater supply or may even deplete groundwater resources like using it for intense irrigation
As non-renewable resources
87
occurs when water is pumped from wells faster than natural recharge processes can replace it
Land subsidence
88
common source is sewage, farm wastes, fertilizers, pesticides, chemicals
Groundwater contamination
89
- body of water that is surrounded by land
- natural or man-made
Lake
90
supply of water in the lakes is due to
Rainfall
91
cause too much depression and stress in the land area, therefore basin ould become wider and deeper; in turn more water supply is possible
Continuous rainfalls
92
Five Largest lakes by area
Caspian Lake
Lake Superior
Lake Victoria
Lake Huron
Lake Michigan
93
area of land permanently saturated, or filled, with water
Swamp
94
related to lakes depending on the presence of water especially during the seasons in the country
Swamps
