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Earth Science > Weathering, Soil Erosion & Mass Wasting: Surface Processes > Flashcards

Weathering, Soil Erosion & Mass Wasting: Surface Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

When rocks are breaking into smaller pieces whether physically or chemically

A

Weathering

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2
Q

happens when rocks break up into tiny pieces without a change in their composition

A

Physical/Mechanical Weathering

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3
Q

Causes: frost wedging, water action, thermal stress, salt crystal growth, pressure release, gravity, exfoliation, plants and animals

A

Weathering

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4
Q

Examples of Physical Weathering

A

Frost weathering
Pressure-release
Abrasion
Organic Activity
Thermal expansion and contraction

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5
Q

process in which water freezes in a crack and then the expansion edges the rock apart

A

Frost weathering

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6
Q

process wherein tectonic forces lift deeply buried rocks close to the surface and then erosion removes the overlying rock, removing the pressure and causing the rock to expand and fracture

A

Pressure-release

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7
Q

process of grinding and rounding rock surfaces by friction and impact caused by waves and glaciers

A

Abrasion

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8
Q

process in which a rock is expanded by plant roots or broken by animal and human activities

A

Organic activity

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9
Q

occurs when temperature changes rapidly, causing the surface of the rock to heat or cool

A

Thermal expansion and contraction

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10
Q

happens when rocks break down into tiny pieces and change the rock’s composition or internal structure of minerals

A

Chemical weathering

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11
Q

some of its causes are oxidation, leaching, hydration, and carbonation

A

Chemical weathering

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12
Q

Types of chemical weathering

A

Dissolution
Hydrolysis
Oxidation

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13
Q

process in which a mineral or rock dissolves in water forming a solution like halite dissolved water

A

Dissolution

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14
Q

process in which mineral reacts with water to forma new mineral that has water as part of its crystal structure like feldspar to clay

A

Hydrolysis

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15
Q

process in which a mineral decomposes when it reacts with oxygen like rusting of iron

A

Oxidation

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16
Q

surface process characterized by the removal of rock particles from where they were formed

A

Soil Erosion

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17
Q

due to some agents such as water, wind, waves, rain, and ice

A

Soil erosion

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18
Q

major and universal agent of soil erosion

A

Running water

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19
Q

Causes: gravity, human activities (mining, logging, kaingin, burning grassland, infrastructure, and animals)

A

Soil Erosion

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20
Q

why does soil erosion reduce soil fertility?

A

because the topsoil which is rich in nutrients has been removed

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21
Q

bad effects of soil erosion

A

landslides, water shortages, deterioration of forests

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22
Q

Human activities that causes soil erosion

A

Kaingin farming or Burn method
Logging
Infrastructure projects
Mining
Overgrazing

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23
Q

farmers that don’t own lands for farming cut down trees and burn an area for planting their crops

A

Kaingin

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24
Q

after year of planting, the soil loses its fertility and farmers move on to other areas to have another __ without replanting the area

A

Kaingin

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25
cutting down of trees for industrial purposes, some do not follow government regulations and some practice illegal logging, destroying forest covers
Logging
26
construction of roads, bridges, dams, etc., may cause soil erosion because of poor planning, inadequate provisions for drainage
Infrastructure Projects
27
digs and loosen rocks in the mountains and expose large areas to weathering and erosion
Mining
28
occurs in areas where there are farms for livestock where plants are consumed and eventually disappear, losing soil cover that may protect the area from landslides and flooding
Overgrazing
29
Methods to reduce effects of soil erosion
Rehabilitative method Vegetative method Mechanical method Preventive Method
30
used in badly eroded areas involves the use of vegetation and engineering structure
Rehabilitative method
31
Vegetative Methods
Cove cropping Strip cropping Contour tillage Terracing
32
bare lands are planted with crops/crop rotation
Cover cropping
33
cultivated and uncultivated areas are plated alternately in rows
Strip cropping
34
soil is tilled across and not along the slopes
Contour tillage
35
slows down the flow of water; it prevents the formation of gullies, retains run-off water and protects human settler
Terracing
36
Advantages of cover cropping
Building soil health Nutrient retention Erosion control Weed reduction
37
Mechanical methods
Riprapping Farm ponds
38
usually done on a slope, covered with rocks fitted and cemented together
Riprapping
39
constructed on land depressions or holes to collect water and store it during the rainy season
Farm ponds
40
used in slightly eroded areas involves forest fire prevention, proper land use, forest management, proper road construction and education of the people
Preventive Method
41
considered as the most important agents of erosion transports, deposits weathered materials and brought by floods
Streams
42
prolonged rainfalls over several days, when intense rain falls over a short period of time, or when an ice or debris jam causes a river or stream to overflow onto the surrounding area
flood
43
Flood controls
dredging dikes and levees sandbagging during floods
44
loss of lives and properties damage to infrastructure loss of crops communication and transportation cutoffs
Damaging effects of flood
45
appears to be more continuous and predictable process that causes damage to some areas
Shoreline erosion
46
Ways to lessen the effects of shoreline erosion
Building structures Beach nourishment Abandonment and relocation
47
short walls built at a right angle to the shore to trap moving sand
Groins
48
structures built parallel to the shoreline to protect it from the force of large breaking waves
Breakwater
49
barriers constructed to prevent waves from reaching the area behind the wall
Seawalls
50
involves the addition of sand to replenish eroding beaches
Beach Nourishment
51
in the PH, mangroves are planted along coastal areas to protect shorelines
Beach nourishment
52
removing storm-damaged structures along the shorelines and reclaiming the beach or relocating the people and structures along the shorelines to safer or elevated areas
Abandonment and Relocation
53
thick ice mass that forms over hundreds or thousands of years move very slowly and is a dynamic erosional agent that accumulate, transport and deposit sediments
Glaciers
54
Types of glaciers
Valley or Alpine glaciers Ice sheets Ice caps Piedemont glaciers Mountain glaciers Cirque glaciers Hanging glaciers Tidewater glaciers
55
glaciers that are found in lofty mountains that usually follow valleys originally occupied by streams
Valley or Alpine glaciers
56
mass of glacial ice of mroe than 50,000 km2
Ice sheets
57
contain about 99% of Earth's fresh water
Ice sheets
58
aka Continental glaciers
Ice sheets
59
extend to the coast and over the ocean, they become ice shelves
Ice sheets
60
resemble ice sheets but are much smaller and occur in many places like Iceland and several islands in the Arctic Ocean
Ice caps
61
occupy broad lowlands at the base of steep mountains and form when one or move valley glaciers emerge from the confining walls of mountains
Piedmont glaciers
62
built by repeated snowfalls that accumulate year after year without completely melting
Mountain glaciers
63
to have mountain glaciers' buildup of snow, which eventually becomes glacial ice, two ingredients are required
cold summers heavy winter snow
64
named for the bowl-like hollows they occupy
Cirque glaciers
65
found on mountainsides and tend to be wide rather than long
Cirque glaciers
66
aka ice aprons, these glaciers cling to steep mountainsides
Hanging glaciers
67
wider than they are long; these glaciers are common in the Alps (where they often cause avalanches due to the steep inclines they occupy)
Hanging glaciers
68
these glaciers flow far enough to reach out into sea; they are responsible for calving numerous small icebergs
Tidewater glaciers
69
Two ways glaciers erode lands
Plucking Abrasion
70
as glacier flows over a fractured bedrock and incorporates them into the ice
Plucking
71
function like sandpaper to polish and smoothen the surface below. It is simply the grinding and scraping of rock surface
Abrasion
72
the sediment deposited by a glacier
Glacial till
73
material left behind by a glacier by a moving glacier. This material is usually soil and rock
Moraine
74
movement of rock, soil, and regolith downward due to the action of gravity
Mass wasting
75
occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes does not require a transporting medium like erosion
slope movement
76
Triggers
Water Super steel slopes Earthquakes
77
when pores in sediments become filled with __, the cohesion among particles is destroyed, allowing them to slide past one another with ease
Water
78
adds considerable weight to a mass of __ and the added weight in itself may be enough to cause the material to slide or move downslope
Water
79
trigger movements of unconsolidated granular materials
Super steep slopes
80
produces unstable slopes and mass movements in cohesive soils, regolith and bedrock
Super steep slopes
81
can dislodge enormous volumes of rocks and unconsolidated materials
Earthquakes (and its aftershocks)
82
Factors in mass wasting or slope movements
Type of material Type of motion Rate of movement
83
Type of material (factor of mass wasting)
A. Debris and mud B. Rock
84
if soil and regolith dominate | type of material ( factor of mass wasting)
Debris and mud
85
when a mass of bedrock break, loose, and move downslope | Type of material (factor of mass wasting)
Rock
86
Type of motion (factor of mass wasting)
Fall Slide Flow
87
when movement involves the free-fall of detached individual pieces of any size common from movement on very steep slopes | Type of motion (factor of mass wasting)
Fall
88
occur when material remains fairly coherent and moves along a well-defined surface | Type of motion (factor of mass wasting)
Slide
89
occurs when a material moves downslope as a viscous fluid and most are saturated with water and typically move as lobes or tongues | Type of motion (factor of mass wasting)
Flow
90
type of mass wasting that results in the sliding of coherent rock materials along a curved surface
Slump
91
sliding of rock material down a mountain more of a translational slide because it moves in a more uniform direction along a pre-existing plane, such as an underlying layer of rock
Rockslide
92
Fast movement | rate of movement (factor of mass wasting)
Slump Rockslide Debris flow Earth flow
93
movement of water-laden mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, and debris down a slope. It is mainly coarse-grained rock fragments
Debris flow
94
downslope movement of soil that has been saturated with water to the extent that the debris moves as a fluid. It is mostly fine grained sediment particles
Earth flow
95
imperceptibly slow, downslope movement of soil and earth material often only few cm/yr, but the inevitability of it can severely impact shallowly-placed structures
Creep
96
slow downhill flow of soil in arctic regions occurs slowly and is measured in mm/yr or cm/yr
Solifluction
97
Slow movement | Rate of movement (factor of mass wasting)
Creep Solifluction
98
Two ways glaciers flow
Plastic flow Basil slip
99
movement within the ice
Plastic flow
100
occurs along the ground of the entire ice mass, the lowest portion of most glaciers are thought to move by sliding
Basal slip
101
generally quiet and slow
Glacial movements
102
some glaciers are characterized by periods of extremely rapid movements called __
Surges
103
wettest place in the world average annual rainfall of 117cm/yr
Tutunedo, Colombia
104
Tutuendo, Colombia has an average annual rainfall of
117cm/yr
105
has most rainy days per year has up to 350 rainy days annually
Moun Wai-ale'ale on Kauai, Hawaii
106
Moun Wai-ale'ale on Kauai, Hawaii has up to __ rainy days annualy
350 days
107
longest rainless period in the world was in __,__ which is __ years of no rain
Chile, Africa; 14

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