Waxes and volatile oils Flashcards by Scelene Macalintal

as esters resulting from the condensation of high-molecular weight, straight-chain acids and high molecular weight, primary straight chain alcohols.

waxes and volatile oils

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mixtures of different molecular weight acids and alcohols

waxes and volatile oils

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VEGETABLE WAXES

o Carnauba wax

o Bayberry wax

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INSECT WAXES

o Lac wax

o Bees wax

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A waxy substance obtained from the head of the sperm whale [Physeter macrocephalus(Family Physeteridae)]

Spermaceti

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Formerly recognized as a quality emollient and a desirable ingredient in cold creams and other cosmetics

Spermaceti

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Is a mixture consisting primarily of esters of saturated fatty alcohols (C14 to C18)and saturated fatty acids (C14 to C18)

SYNTHETIC SPERMACETI OR CETYL ESTERS WAX

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Is a mixture of solid alcohols consisting chiefly (not less than 90%) of 1-hexadecanol

CETYL ALCOHOL

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CETYL ALCOHOL uses

emulsifying aid and a stiffening agent

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Is a mixture of solid alcohols consisting chiefly (not less than 90%) of stearyl alcohol or 1-octadecanol

STEARYL ALCOHOL

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Cetosteryl alcohol contains not less than__% of stearyl alcohol and not less than _% of cetyl and stearyl alcohols

40, 90

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Is liquid wax expressed from Seeds of Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Scheider (Famoly Buxaceae).

JOJOBA OIL

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YELLOW WAX OR BEESWAX is the purified wax from the honeycomb of the bee __ (scientific name)

Apis mellifera Linne’

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Beeswax is solid varying in color from __ (color)

yellow to grayish brown

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Yellow wax is used for base of __.

cerates and plasters

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Is bleached, purified wax from honeycomb of the bee. A. mellifera Linne

WHITE WAX

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It is rapid, reliable and expensive method of detecting the presence of certain adulterants of natural beeswax

SAPONIFICATION CLOUD TEST

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Is obtained from the leaves of Copernicia prunifera

CARNAUBA WAX

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Are C20 lipid metabolites formed in the body from essential, unsaturated fatty acids in the diet

PROSTAGLANDINS

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PROSTAGLANDINS four classes

Prostaglandin A
Prostaglandin B
Prostaglandin E
Prostaglandin F

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indicate the number of double bonds in the side chains and the stereochemistry of members of each group

Subscripts

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palliative therapy to maintain temporarily neonates with patent ductus arteriosus and certain congenital heart defects

PGE1

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DINOPROST

PROSTAGLANDINS F2A, PGF2A

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The usual dose of PGF2a is

40 mg

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Is the 15-methyl analog of PGF2a

15-METHYLPROSTAGLANDIN F2a | (15S)-METHYL PGF2a, OR Carboprost

The initial dose is _- (carboprost)

200µg by deep IM injection

Total dose should not exceed to __ (carboprost)

12mg

PGE2 or _.

PROSTAGLANDIN E2

It differs from PG F2a, only in that the 9-oxygen substituted is a keto group

PROSTAGLANDIN E2

PROSTAGLANDIN E2 available as

vaginal suppository

_mg of vaginal suppository (PGE2) | should not exceed to

20, 240 mg

pharmacologic effects of this are similar of those PGF2a, a notable exception is the lack of vasoconstriction and hypertension with high doses of PGE

PROSTAGLANDIN E2

Differs from PGE1 only in the reduction of unsaturated bond at position 5

PROSTAGLANDIN E1, PGE1 OR ALPROSTADIL

Odorous principals found in various plant parts

VOLATILE OILS

VOLATILE OILS also called

ethereal oil or essential oils

Volatile oil is miscible or immiscible with water

miscible

They do not leave a permanent grease spot on paper and can not be saponified with alkalies

VOLATILE OILS

formed via the acetate-mevalonic acid pathway

terpenoid derivatives

formed via the shikimic acid phenyl propanoid route

aromatic compounds

the usual method of obtaining volatile oil

Steam distillation

lemon oil, Orange oil

Expression

the general method for obtaining citrus oil

Ecuelle method

applicable for plant parts containing a small amount of volatile oil

Enfleurage

most modern essential oil production, using solvent systems based on such volatile solvents such as petroleum ether or benzene

Extraction

obtaining empyreumatic oil

Destructive distillation

oxidized hydrocarbon portion of oil usually solid

Stereoptene

Turpentine oil, Distilled from

Pinus palustris

Largest volume essential oil

Turpentine oil

Turpentine oil use

Counterirritant

distillation from an aqueous solution of NaOH

Rectified turpentine oil

Rectified turpentine oil use

Expectorant

formed by the action of nitric acid on rectified turpentine oil in presence of alcohol

Terpin hydrate or Terpinol

Terpin hydrate or Terpinol use

Expectorant; Stimulant to mucous membrane

Terpin hydrate or Terpinol usual dose

85 mg

Acyclic

Geraniol; Linalool; Citronellol

Monocyclic

Menthol;Terpineol

Dicyclic

Borneol

Sesquiterpene

Zingiberol

distilled with steam from fresh overground parts of flowering plants of Mentha piperita

Peppermint oil

Peppermint oil, alcohol volatile component

Menthol

distilled from dried, ripe seed of Elletaria cardamomum

Cardamom oil

Cardamom oil, active component

Cineol

Cardamom oil use

Flavor, carminative

Steam distillation of a dried ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum

Coriander oil

Coriander oil active component

Linalool

Distilled from fresh flower of Rosa gallica

Rose oil

Rose oil also known as

Otto of Rose

Rose oil active component

* Geraniol * Citronellol * Nerol

Distilled from fresh flower of Citrus aurantum

Orange flower oil

Orange flower oil aka

neroli oil

Orange flower oil active component

Linalool

Orange flower oil uses

Perfume, Flavor

Steam distillation of wood of Pinus palustris

Pine oil

Mentha arvensis oil

Japanese peppermint oil

From diversed mint oil or prepared synthetically

Menthol

Menthol uses

``` Antipruritic Counterirritant Stimulant Antiseptic Depressant effect on heart ```

Steam distillation of leaves and twigs of Cinnamomum cassia

Cinnamon Oil

Cinnamon Oil aka

Saigon cinnamon cassia cinnamon ceylon cinnamon

Cinnamon Oil chief constituent

Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamyl aldehyde

imparts sweetness of cinnamon

Mannitol

Cinnamon Oil uses

Flavoring agent Carminative Pungent aromatic Antiseptic

obtained by expression of the fresh peel ripe fruit of Citrus sinensis

Orange Oil

Orange Oil uses

Flavor

steam distillation of the fresh dried leaves of Cymbopogon winterianus

Citronella Oil

Citronella Oil active constituents

Citronellal

Citronella Oil uses

Perfume | Insect repellant

* distilled witch hazel extract | * Steam distillation of dried dormant wigs of Hammamelis virginiana

Hammamelis Water

Hammamelis Water uses

Astringent in hemorrhoid preparation

combination of neral and geranial

CITRAL

Lemon Peel uses

Flavoring agent Stimulant Stomachic

Monocyclic ketone

``` Menthone Carvone Pulegone Piperifone Diosphenol (crystalline ketone in buchu) ```

Dicyclic ketone

Camphor Fenchone Thujone

Camphor scientific name

Cinnamomum camphora

from dried ripe fruit of Carum carvi; contains __; use as flavorant

Caraway, Carvone

obtained from steam distillation of dried ripe fruit of Carum carvi USE/S: Flavor, carminative

Caraway oil

Buchu from dried leaf of

Barostoma betulina

Buchu contains and use as

Diosphenol, Diuretic for menstrual problem (OTC)

Wormwood oil or Absinthe oil contains

Thujone

steam distillation of dried leaves and flowering tops of Artemisia absinthium

Wormwood oil

Wormwood oil use

Counterirritant

from steam distillation of fresh leaves of Thuja occidentalis

Cedar leaf oil

Cedar leaf oil use

Counterirritant

Component of Vick’s vaporab

✓ Thujone | ✓ Fenchone

steam distillation of Mentha spicata

Spearmint

Spearmint uses

Flavor Carminative Use in chewing gum industry

* (4-aalyl-2-methoxyphenol) * From clove oil * Incorporated in dental protectives

Eugenol

team distillation from flowering plant of Thymus vulgaris

Thyme oil

4-aalyl-2-methoxyphenol

Eugenol

isopropyl m-cresol

Thymol

Thymol use

antiseptic

aka Bay oil

Myrcia oil

Myrcia oil active component

Eugenol

Myrcia oil uses

Perfume

Creosote aka

beechwood creosote

Mixture of phenol obtained from wood tar produced by destructive distillation of the wood of Fagus grandiflora

Creosote

Creosote active components

✓ Guiacol | ✓ Creosol

Creosote uses

Disinfectant | Expectorant

aka as cade oil

Juniper tar

* Empyreumatic volatile oil | * Distilled from heartwood of Juniferus oxycedrus

Juniper tar

Juniper tar active consttituent

Cardinene

Juniper tar use

Local antieczematic

from destructive distillation from the wood of Pinus palustris

Pine tar

Pine tar uses

Local antieczematic ▪ Antipsoriasis ▪ Expectorant

Pine tar active constituents

Creosol

* steam distillation from the flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus * Eugenol

Clove oil

As toothache remedy, it is applied topically to dental | cavity(analgesic)

Clove oil

Used in commercial production of vanillin

Clove oil

* Anethole – Anise – (aniseed) | * From the dried ripe fruit of Pimpinella anisum

PHENOLIC ETHER

dried ripe fruit of Illicium verum

PHENOLIC ETHER

From the dried ripe seed of Myristica fragrans

Safrole

Eucalyptus other names

cineole, eucalyptol, cajuputol

from Eucalyptus globulus

Eucalyptus

Gaultheria other names

wintergreen, teaberry, checkerberry

from Gaultheria procumbens

Gaultheria

Methyl salicylate other names

Gaultheria oil, wintergreen oil, betula oil, sweet birch oil

produce synthetically by maceration and subsequent distillation with steam from leaves or from bark of Betula lenta

Methyl salicylate

Mixture of salicylic acid and methanol

Methyl salicylate

Flavor for cascara sagrada fluidextract; Local irritant; Antiseptic; Antirheumatic

Methyl salicylate

steam distillation fro fresh flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia

Lavender oil

Lavender oil active constituent

Linalyl acetate

Lavender oil use

Perfume

pine needle oil aka

dwarf pine needle oil

steam distillation of the fresh leaf of Pinus mugo

Pine needle oil

Pine needle oil active constituent

Bornyl acetate

Pine needle oil uses

flavor; Perfume

allylisothiocyanate

Mustard oil

obtained by maceration with water of dried ripe seed with subsequent steam distillation of Brassica nigra

Mustard oil

Mustard oil use

Rubefacient

Waxes and volatile oils Flashcards

(148 cards)