Week 05

Question 1

End-diastolic volume (EDV) is…

Answer 1

Volume of blood at the end of ventricular filling

Question 2

Stroke volume is…

Answer 2

Amount of blood ejected from each ventricle during systole

Question 3

End-systolic volume (ESV) is…

Answer 3

Amount of blood remaining after the end of contraction

Question 4

Ejection fraction (EF) is…

Answer 4

% of EDV pumped from ventricles

Question 5

Cardiac output (Q) is..

Answer 5

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

Question 6

Myocardium in older adults is slow to relax following contraction due to the:

Answer 6

1. Slower calcium reuptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum
2. Changes in myosin heavy chain composition of myocytes
3. Prolonged action potential

Question 7

Late diastolic filling is greater with age due to ______ blood volume contained in enlarged atria

Answer 7

increased

Question 8

_____ decreases about 1% per year

Answer 8

cardiac output

Question 9

_______ may decrease as much as 30% by age 85

Answer 9

stroke volume

Question 10

Blood pressure is a product of ___ and ____

Answer 10

cardiac output and peripheral resistance

Question 11

Within the arterial system, what exerts primary influence over vascular resistance?

Answer 11

small arterioles

Question 12

Adequate delivery of blood depends on the ______ driving the blood and the state of the _______ in the arteries and arterioles in the organ

Answer 12

Pressure, resistance

Question 13

List the layers of arteries/arterioles from inner to outer

Answer 13

• Tunica intima (endothelium)
• Tunica media (smooth muscle cells)
• Tunica adventitia (collagen fibres)

Question 14

State of blood vessels tone refers to the balance between competing ____ and _____ influences

Answer 14

dilatory, constricting

Question 15

Blood vessels tone refers to the balance between competing dilatory and constrictor influences such as (3)?

Answer 15

• Compounds produced by endothelial layer (e.g. nitric oxide)
• Sympathetic nerves release vasoconstrictor neurotransmitters
• Circulating hormones and catecholamines

Question 16

Major conduit arteries, such as the aorta, get stiffer and longer with age, due to (2)?

Answer 16

• Thickening of structural materials that make up vessel wall
• Increase in sympathetic tone of smooth muscle

Question 17

Arterial remodelling can be (3)?

Answer 17

• hypertrophic: thickening of vascular wall
• eutrophic: constant wall thickness
• hypotrophic: thinning of vascular wall

Question 18

Greater ______ density in adventitia of older inactive group but not in older active group

Answer 18

collagen

Question 19

Carotid artery stiffness greatest in older inactive group. _____ levels of arterial stiffness between young groups and older active group

Answer 19

similar

Question 20

Vascular endothelial dysfunction is partly responsible for the ______ risk of cardiovascular disease with advancing age

Answer 20

increased

Question 21

Reduced bioavailability of ______ is the key mechanism in endothelial dysfunction with age

Answer 21

nitric oxide

Question 22

Correlational between reduced ______ function and heart disease

Answer 22

endothelial

Question 23

Endothelial function and __________ are associated —> however can be reduced by lifestyle factors

Answer 23

increased age

Question 24

Lifestyle factors that affect endothelial function?

Answer 24

• regular aerobic exercise
• dietary factors
• body weight / fat percentage
• vitamin D status
• menopause (oestrogen deficiency)

Question 25

When young trained athletes and older trained athletes compared - there was/wasn't a decrease in endothelial function with age (unlike sedentary older individuals)

Answer 25

wasn't

Question 26

Are older individuals able to improve their endothelial function?

Answer 26

Yes, almost reverse it with exercise

Question 27

With age, sympathetic nerve activity decreases/increases?

Answer 27

Increases

Question 28

High levels of sympathetic nerve activity result in increases in ?????? and ultimately hypertension

Answer 28

peripheral vascular resistance

Question 29

Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) increases with age, with greater effect in _____

Answer 29

females

Question 30

Resting mean arterial pressure also increases with age (may be related to ___________), however pattern is different ---> other factors must be involved

Answer 30

increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity

Question 31

Arterial stiffness causes/contributes to elevated ___________ velocity and ______ BP

Answer 31

pulse wave, systolic

Question 32

Arterial stiffness causes/contributes to reduced ability to absorb ...?

Answer 32

energy during systole

Question 33

Elevated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) causes/contributes to (3)?

Answer 33

- more vasoconstriction - greater vascular resistance - elevated BP

Question 34

Exercise capacity falls with age: decrease in VO2 max of approx. ____ % per _____- from age of 25

Answer 34

10% per decade

Question 35

Sedentary vs trained VO2 max as they age?

Answer 35

Both falls 10% every decade, however trained is higher to start so stays a little higher ass they age

Question 36

Decline in Vo2 with age is attributed to...(3)?

Answer 36

- decreased cardiac output - decreased a-vo2 difference - loss of muscle mass

Question 37

Factors influencing blood flow decrease at rest with age?

Answer 37

- Limb blood flow at rest reduced with age - Associated with elevated MSNA (increasing vascular tone) - Other contributors: fewer blood vessels available and/or inability to dilate blood vessels - Due to ageing or physical inactivity associated with ageing???????

Question 38

Improvements in Vo2max in elderly explained is mostly by _____ (since max HR stays the same following training)

Answer 38

stroke volume

Question 39

Moderate intensity training in elderly: gains up to around ___% Vo2max

Answer 39

20%

Question 40

Mean increase in VO2max after training in all studies was ___%

Answer 40

16.5%

Question 41

The longer the durations, the better increase in ____

Answer 41

vo2 max

Question 42

increases in VO2max around ___% even in individuals averaging 72 Yrs old with aerobic training

Answer 42

18-19%

Question 43

Does physical activity improve sympathetic nerve activity?

Answer 43

Unknown

Question 44

Regular physical activity has positive impacts on:

Answer 44

- endothelial function - vascular compliance - maximal and submaximal exercise performance

Question 45

During maximal exercise improvements:

Answer 45

- increased ventilation - increased O2 consumption - increased CO - increased a-vo2 diff

Question 46

During submaximal exercise improvements:

Answer 46

- decrease ventilation - decreased HR - decreased SV - decreased BP

Question 47

Advancing age is associated with structural and functional changes to the heart, including ___ ____ hypertrophy and ____ myocardium relaxation

Answer 47

left ventricular, slower

Question 48

Age related vascular changes include vascular stiffening, endothelial dysfunction and elevated nerve activity, which can be associated with elevated _______ and reductions in limb BF

Answer 48

blood pressure

Question 49

Which cardiovascular factor declines with age in sedentary individuals?

Answer 49

Endothelial function

Question 50

In growing children, how do changes in cardiac size, particularly left ventricular mass, relate to changes in lean body mass?

Answer 50

There is a positive correlation between left ventricular mass and lean body mass

Question 51

LV end diastolic volume (LVEDV) does/ does not change with age

Answer 51

does not

Question 52

Late diastolic volume is typically reduced in older adults (T/F)?

Answer 52

False