Week 01 - Key components & Ageing

Question 1

What are Ontogenetic differences relate to?

Answer 1

Alterations that occur during the developmental of an individual from the immature to mature biological state. (physical maturation and growth)

Question 2

What are phylogenetic differences related to?

Answer 2

Differences between biologically mature individuals. (Individual differences once biologically matured)

Question 3

Describe Developmental symmorphosis

Answer 3

States that any physiological systems function should not exceed growth/development faster than another system (they are linked with ‘equal’ pace)

Question 4

What is allometric scaling?

Answer 4

An approach for studying relationship between body size and shape, anatomy and function

Question 5

If the scaling exponent b is < 1 the line on the graph will be…

Answer 5

Sloping steep upwards then begins to level out (closer to rainbow shape)

• Y increases at a slower rate than X, i.e. as X increases, Y becomes RELATIVELY smaller.

Question 6

If the scaling exponent b is > 1 the line on the graph will be…

Answer 6

Sloping starts low then begins to steep and continues (closer to a U shape)

• Y increases at a faster rate than X, i.e. as X increases, Y becomes RELATIVELY larger.

Question 7

What is a 1 dimension example?

Answer 7

lever of muscle (elbow) - line

Question 8

What is a 2 dimension example?

Answer 8

cross section area (square)

Question 9

What is a 3 dimension example?

Answer 9

Volumes or measure of body size (e.g. mass) - cube

Question 10

According to the dimensionality theory, linear dimensions (e.g. arm lever) should relate to body mass by exponent ______?

Answer 10

0.33 (because its 1 dimension, therefore its 1/3 = 0.33)

Question 11

According to the dimensionality theory, areas (e.g. cross sections) should relate to body mass by exponent ______?

Answer 11

0.67 (because it’s two dimensions, therefore its 2/3 = 0.67)

Question 12

The dimensionality theory states that….?

Answer 12

You could accurately find the size of a body part (e.g. cross section of muscle) by body mass, however that is too simplistic.

Question 13

Can you mix adult data with growing children data (or phylogenetic with ontogenetic)?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

Can we create equations to describe functional development in children relative to body size?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

Are the relationships between size and function very different in growing children than in a group of adults who vary in size?

Answer 15

Yes, they can be

Question 16

The functional capacity of components of a physiological system should OR should not develop in a concert as children grow (i.e. the capacity of any one component should OR should not develop equally)

Answer 16

should

Question 17

Eugeric ageing is…

Answer 17

True ageing. Age related changes that will happen inevitably (e.g. slowed movements, impaired speech, grey hairs)

Question 18

Pathogeric ageing is…

Answer 18

Pathological ageing, not a predestined part of ageing

Question 19

Functions totally lost in ageing may be…

Answer 19

• Reproduction, menstruation

- High frequency hearing

Question 20

Structural changes in ageing may be….

Answer 20

• Number of fast twitch muscle fibres

- Skeletal muscle diameter

Question 21

Reduced efficiency of a unit in ageing may be…

Answer 21

• Decreased. nerve conduction velocity

Question 22

Altered control systems in ageing may be…

Answer 22

• Reduced reserve when under stress (e.g. oestrogen)

Question 23

Ageing takes longer to respond and equilibrate due to…?

Answer 23

Decreased ability to maintain and respond homeostasis changes as quickly (small change in set point, decreased precision, loss of sensitivity)

Question 24

Some aspects of ageing are natural and inevitable (_______) and some are as a result of pathology (_______).

Answer 24

eugeric, pathogenic