Week 10

Question 1

In the early follicular phase, oestrogen and progesterone are ____

Answer 1

low

Question 2

In the late follicular phase, oestrogen is ____ and progesterone is ____

Answer 2

oestrogen is high, progesterone is low

Question 3

In the mid luteal phase, oestrogen and progesterone are ____

Answer 3

high

Question 4

Primary amenorrhea is

Answer 4

delayed, late menstruating

Question 5

Secondary amenorrhea is

Answer 5

Intensive exercise training in girls can be associated with amenorrhea in previously menstruating females due to inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Question 6

More they train, more likely to have primary amenorrhea which is then exacerbated if they have

Answer 6

<23% body fat

- However, unsure if it is training load, body type, etc

Question 7

Two hypothesis for secondary amenorrhea..

Answer 7

1. Exercise stress (cortisol): loss of normal menstrual function, increased cortisol by exercise might decrease GTRH–> reduced oestrogen
2. Energy availability (leptin): negative calorie balance signals GTRH to slow –> reduced oestrogen

Question 8

______: resting body temperature decreases due to promotion of peripheral vasodilation and heat dissipation

Answer 8

oestrogen

Question 9

_______: Heat conservation and reduced peripheral vasodilation, and thus higher body temperature

Answer 9

Progesterone

Question 10

When oestrogen and progesterone are both elevated (mid-luteal phase), the effects of ______ dominates

Answer 10

progesterone

Question 11

Progesterone dominating in the mid-luteal phase causes..

Answer 11

body temperature to increase by 0.3-0.5C and threshold for sweating + cutaneous vasodilation is shifted to higher temperatures (explains why body temp increases in this phase of menstruation)

Question 12

According to research, the _______ phase may have a negative effect on prolonged exercise performance through elevated _____________ and potentially increased cardiovascular strain.

Answer 12

mid-luteal, body temperature

Question 13

At similar work rates, temperatures (core and skin), ________, skin blood flow and sweating are higher in the mid-luteal phase compared with the early follicular phase.

Answer 13

heart rate

Question 14

Oestrogen enhances ______ and ______ –> helps reduce body temp

Answer 14

vasodilation and sweating

Question 15

According to Minson et al, when compared to the early follicular phase, the mid-luteal phase is associated with:

Answer 15

• Higher concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone
• Higher oral temp
• Higher levels of MSNA and plasma noradrenaline (to counteract vasodilator effects of nitric oxide??)
• Greater sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity

Question 16

Blood pressure is controlled better in ________ phase

Answer 16

mid-luteal

Question 17

Lower body negative pressure (LBNP)- postural stress (like standing for long period): requires ______ to prevent fall in BP

Answer 17

vasoconstriction

Question 18

Hyperthermia (heat stress):

Requires ______ to allow convective heat loss

Answer 18

vasodilation

Question 19

What happens if you combine the postural and heat stress? One which requires vasoconstriction and other vasodilation…?

Answer 19

Body prioritizes maintaining body temperatures (vasodilation) over maintaining blood pressure (vasoconstriction), therefore, they become presyncopal (feelings of fainting)

Question 20

Cutaneous vascular conductance was highest in the _______ phase after heating

Answer 20

mid-luteal

Question 21

Is there a difference in orthostatic (exercise) tolerance between menstrual cycle phases?

Answer 21

No

Question 22

Women are more likely to ____ in heat, but not related or higher in menstrual cycle

Answer 22

faint

Question 23

Body temperature increases by a few tenths of a degree during the first trimester, and then falls throughout the second and third trimesters. Lowest temperatures …..

Answer 23

12 week post-partum.

Question 24

1st trimester: ______ in progesterone and oestrogen

Answer 24

increases

Question 25

2nd and 3rd trimester: ____ oestrogen, relatively ____ progesterone

Answer 25

higher, low

Question 26

Core temperature during exercise in pregnancy is highest in 1st trimester and progressively decreases during 2nd and 3rd - likely for……

Answer 26

protecting the baby

Question 27

Cardiovascular control during pregnancy

Answer 27

• Increase in blood volume
• Increase in resting HR
• Decrease in resting blood pressure
• Increase in sympathetic nerve activity
• Reduction in vascular transduction????

Question 28

What happens in MSNA in the first trimester?

Answer 28

Peaks in 1st trimester

Question 29

The peak in MSNA in first trimester does not lead to increased _____ due to blunted vascular transduction and altered baroreflex sensitivity

Answer 29

blood pressure

Question 30

Pregnancy vs post partum exercise:

Answer 30

• No differences in maximal O2 uptake or max HR
• Cardiac output higher during pregnancy at rest and during exercise
• A-VO2 diff lower at each exercise level during pregnancy

Question 31

oestrogen promotes peripheral _______ and heat dissipation, wheresas progesterone is associated with heat conservation and reduced peripheral ______

Answer 31

vasodilation

Question 32

In the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, the effects of progesterone dominate and core body temp is _____, which can cause additional cardiovascular strain during prolonged exercise

Answer 32

increased

Question 33

Pregnancy is associated with ______ resting blood pressure and ______ in resting MSNA and heart rate. In response to exercise, increases in CO and greater but a-VO2 difference is lower.

Answer 33

reduced, increased