Week 1

Question 1

What is Nutritional Sciences?

Answer 1

study of…
- nutrients in the food
-nutrients in the body
- human behaviour in relation to food

Question 2

what is nutritional genomics?

Answer 2

• combines nutrition, genomics science and molecular biology
• how nutrients and genes can influence each other

Question 3

what is a diet?

Answer 3

the foods and beverages that a person consumes (never about losing weight)

Question 4

what is the definition of food?

Answer 4

an edible substance with physical and chemical properties. Provides energy and nutrients to allow the body to stay alive and grow

Question 5

what are nutrients?

Answer 5

components of food needed for body functions. provide energy, maintain and repair body parts, support growth and development.

Question 6

what are some examples of nutrients?

Answer 6

water, carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins, and minerals

Question 7

what are the 4 influences on dietary choice?

Answer 7

1. personal (intra)
2. social (inter)
3. setting
4. environment/policy

Question 8

influences of dietary choice personal (intra):

Answer 8

preference, habit, emotions, values, body image, knowledge of nutrition and health benefits.

Question 9

influences on dietary choice social (inter):

Answer 9

cultural/traditions, social interactions, parental/family influence

Question 10

influence on dietary choice setting:

Answer 10

school environments, food availability (retail)

Question 11

influences on dietary choices environment/policy:

Answer 11

food availability/environments, advertisements, labeling

Question 12

what are the macronutrients?

Answer 12

carbohydrates, fats, protein

Question 13

what are micronutrients

Answer 13

Vitamins and minerals. Our bodies can’t make these, so we have to get them from the food we eat.

Question 14

what are essential nutrients

Answer 14

nutrients received from foods only. certain amino acids, vitamins, and minerals

Question 15

what are dietary supplements

Answer 15

purified nutrients that come in pills, powders or liquids

Question 16

what is nutraceutical?

Answer 16

food product (primarily in pill form) with medicinal effect

Question 17

what is malnutrition?

Answer 17

inadequate nutrition- deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients

Question 18

what is undernutrition?

Answer 18

insufficient energy- includes wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and underweight (low weight-for-age)

Question 19

what is over nutrition?

Answer 19

excessive energy- obesity, health conditions

Question 20

what is a calorie?

Answer 20

• a unit of energy
• the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a litre of water by one degree Celsius
• cal and kcal commonly used abbreviations

Question 21

how many calories does carbohydrates, fat(lipids) and protein provide?

Answer 21

carbohydrates provide: 4kcal/g
fat(lipids) provide: 9kcal/g
protein provides: 4kcal/g

Question 22

what is a DRI

Answer 22

dietary reference intake. how much of a nutrient a healthy person should consume
- values set at levels to help prevent chronic diseases
- values refer to general nutrient adequacy

Question 23

what is Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)?

Answer 23

• population-wide averages for nutrition research and policy-making
• 50% of healthy individuals would meet their nutrient need if they follow this

Question 24

what is Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)?

Answer 24

• nutrient intake goals for individuals
• average daily nutrient intake for most healthy people (97-98%)
• derived from EARS

Question 25

what is Adequate Intake (AI)?

Answer 25

- nutrient intake goals for individuals used if set data are not sufficient to determine RDA - AI is expected to meet or exceed the needs of most individuals

Question 26

what is Tolerable Upper Intake (UL)

Answer 26

- highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects in almost all individuals - sometimes not determined(ND) - usually not reached by diet alone

Question 27

what is Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR)

Answer 27

- newer category to determine intake levels that might reduce the risk of chronic disease - first to incorporate this was sodium, as high intakes are associated with life-threatening conditions

Question 28

what is Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) - energy/calories

Answer 28

-calculations that consider one's sex, age, weight, height and activity level to determine one's daily calorie needs - energy we need to sustain bodily function

Question 29

what is the Acceptance macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR)

Answer 29

protein: 10-25% of your calorie intake fat: 20-35% of your calorie intake carbohydrates: 45-65% of your calorie intake

Question 30

what is Nutrition assessment (ABCD)

Answer 30

Anthropometric: height/weight, body fat%, head circumference, growth charts Biochemical: biological markers (blood tests) Clinical: health history and visual assessment (e.g paleness, bruising, excessive or inadequate Dietary: assessment of dietary intake (e.g. food records)

Question 31

what are anthropometric measurements?

Answer 31

- height/weight/BMI - waist and head circumference - growth charts

Question 32

what are biochemical analysis

Answer 32

-blood or urine samples - can determine nutrient or enzyme levels

Question 33

what are clinical examinations

Answer 33

-medical records, health history, social factors - visual assessment inadequate or excess body fat

Question 34

what is a dietary assessment

Answer 34

- collect via food records (diet recall, food frequency questionnaire) - quantify via ESHA food processor - evaluate adequacy: compare EARS, RDAs etc.