Week 1 Flashcards by sina abolghassem

What is included in the CNS

Brain and spinal cord

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What is in the peripheral nervous system

Nerves linking CNS to rest of body

eg, spinal nerves; cranial nerves

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What is the Left and right part of the brain called and what is there name when talking about them together?

Have L and R cerebral hemisphere –> cerebrum

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What seperates the two cerebral hemispheres?

Great longituidal fissure

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What is the name of the fold on the cerebral hemisphere and what does it increase

Fold is called gyrus and it increases the Surface area

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?What is the grooves called in the cerebral hemisphere?

Sulcus

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What is the positioning of grey matter in the brain?

Called the Cerebral cortex –> outer layer of the brain (surface) and contains nerve cell bodies

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What is the positioning of white matter in the brain?

Underneath the grey matter and contains nerve axons

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What does the central sulcus seperate?

Frontal lobe infront and parietal lobe behind

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What lobe in the brain is udnerneath the lateral sulcus?

Temporal lobe

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Which two gyrus are infront and behind the central sulcus

Precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus

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What does precentral gyrus do?

Every single motor axon ( nerve that innervats a muscle) comes from the precentral gyrus

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What does postcentral gyrus do?

Sensory receptors come from the postcentral gyrus

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Name the 5 lobes of the brain

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe and cerebellum

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Is it in the medial plane or lateral plane that you can see the division between the parietal and ocipital lobe? What is that division called?

It is in the medial view and is called parietoccipital sulcus

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What is the function of each part of the brain?

Temporal lobe –> hearing and part of memory
Occipital lobe–> vision
Frontal lobe –> cognitive skills, such as emotional expression and probelm solving, memory
Parietal lobe –> processing sensory information such as touch
Cerebrellum –> coordinates and regulates motor activity

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What is the 3 parts of the brain stem

Medulla oblaganta, pons and midbrain (thalamus)

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What does Pons do?

It connects the medulla oblaganta to the thalamus

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What does the brain stem contain

The respiratory centre, cardiovascular centre etc

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What does the 4th ventricle contain?

Cerebral spinal fluid –> cushion the brain and slow movement down

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What does teh Diencephalon contain and what emotion does it control?

Contains the hypothalamus and the thalamus. Also the ANS. It deals with the emotion of rage

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What is the ANS?

Controls the functions that we do not think about –> breathing for example

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Function of thalamus?

important relay station between brainstem &

spinal cord and the cerebral cortex

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What does the hypothalamus control?

ANS

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Where do cranial nerves come from?

The diacephalon and the brain stem

Which end of the nerual tube froms the brain and the spinal cord

The rostral end forms the brain and the caudal end forms the spinal cord

What is the 3 swellings of the neural tube?

Forebrain-> prosencephalon Midbrain --> mesencaphalon Hindbrain-> Rhombecephalon

Is the neural tube hollow and what does it contain?

It is hollow and contains CSF

What do the 3 swellings of the neural tube develop too and what are there structures in the mature brain

Prosencephalon --> telencephalon --> cerebral hemisphere Prosencephalon --> diencephalon --> diencephalon ( thalamus and hypothalamus Mesencaphalon --> mesencaphalon --> midbrain Rhombocephalon --> metecephalon --> pons and cerebellum Rhombocephalon -->myelecephalon --> medulla oblaganta

Are the swellings of the neural tube formed at the rostral end or caudal end?

Rostral end and the caudal end forms the spinal cord

What is the structure of the dura

Tought and fibrous membrane

What is the name of structure is tightly adhered to the dura?

arachoid and its soft and translucent membrane

What is the positioning of the pia?

It is tightly adhered to the brain --> cannot seperate the two

What is the space between the pia and arachoid?

subarachnoid space that contains CSF

What is meninges?

the three membranes that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord.

What are the two foldings of the dura? When are they not tightly adhered to each other?

Outer Peristeal and inner meningeal. They are not tightly adhered together at the dural venous sinuses and various foldings

What is the route of venous blood in the brain?

superfecial vein --> superior sagital sinus --> confluence of sinuses deep vens --> interal cerebral vein --> great cerebral vein --> confluences of sinuses confluences of sinuses --> transverse sinus --> sigmoid sinus --> internal jugular vein

What is the falxi cerebri?

It is dura foldings between the cerebral hemispheres

what is the Tentorium cerebelli ?

It is dura folding between the occipital and cerebellum

Falx cerebrelli

between the cerebrellar hempispheres

What is the 02 consumption of the brain?

20%

What is a stroke?

Persistent neurological deficit of vascular origin

How common is a stroke over 65

1 in 100

What drains into the superior sagital sinus

superior cerebral veins

which sinus lies within the tentorium cerebelli

large straight sinus

What runs into the large straight sinus ?

is the great cerebral vein which drains the deep structures of the forebrain and the inferior sagittal sinuses

what does the transverse sinus drain?

the back of the brain

What is the transverse sinus continous with and what does this structure join?

continous with the sigmoid sinus that joins the internal jugular veins at the level of the jugular foramen

What branch is the verterbal artery from?

subclavin artery

how does the verterbal artery enter the skull

passing through the foramen magnum

what does the common carotid birfucate into?

External and interna

What does external and interal common carotid supply?

external --> face, scalp, neck | internal supplies the brain

What does the arch of the aorta split into

Braciocephalic trunch, left subclavin and left common carotid

what is the ponto medulla junction and what structure units at this point?

It is the junction between the pons and the medulla. The verterbral artery joins here to form the basilla artery

What are the anterior spinal artery?

small branches that come off the vertebral artery and supply the spinal cord

what is the first set of cerebellar artery to come of the vertebral artery?

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

What artery comes off the basilla to supply the pons

small pontine artery

What is the name of the artery that supplies the ear

the inner ear labyrinth artery --> branch of the small pontine artery

second artery to come off the basilla artery ?

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

What is the 3rd cereballar artery that comes off the basialla artery?

superior cerebellar artery

at what point does the basilla artery biruficate ?

pontine midline junction

What structure does the middle cerebral artery originate from

internal carotid artery

What is the course of the middle cerebral artery?

courses between the temporal lobe and frontal lobe and supplies the lateral surface of the cerebaral hemisphere

What branches of the middle cerebral artery?

lenticulostraite artery

What are the 3 communicating arteries and what circuit do they form?

1 anterior cerebral artery 2 posterior cerebral artery from the circuit of willis

When is the circuit of willis used?

Helps to move the blood from the left to the right side when the pressure is not even on both sides of the arterial system

what does the lenticulostriate artery supply?

the deep nucleis in the brain

what does your Middle cerebral artery supply?

supply the majority of your lateral hemisphere --> te frontal lobe, parietal and termporal lobe

what does the anterior cerebral artery supply

medial surface of the brain --> medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes

what does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

supply the visual cortex of the occipital lobe and the in erom edial aspect of the temporal lobe

what blood vessels supply the dura/meninges?

the anterior, middle and posterior meningeal arteries

where does the anterior meningeal artery come from and what does it supply?

branch of ethmoidal artery and supplies the anterior cranial fossa

what is the middle meningeal a branch of and what foramen does it come from?

Branch of the maxillary artery and goes through the foramen spinosum ( part of sphenoid)

what foramen does the posterior meningeal artery go through?

jugular foramen

what does the anterior cerebellar artery branch from?

the middle cerebellar artery

what is the course of the inferior sagittal sinusʔ

the inferior border of the falxi cerebri superior to the corpus callosum

what does the inferior sagittal sinus drain intoʔ

the straight sinus via the great vein