week 6 control

Question 1

what is the forebrain made out of?

Answer 1

the diencephalon and cerebral hemisphere. Anything rostral to the midbrain

Question 2

what is the forebrain dervived from?

Answer 2

the prosencephalon

Question 3

what is the forebrain responsible for?

Answer 3

high level of processing, –> thought, memory, perception, anaylsis, planning and so forth

Question 4

what are the three swellings of the neural tube?

Answer 4

Forebrain - Prosencephalon
Midbrain - Mesencephalon
Hindbrain - Rhombencephalon

Question 5

what part of the neural tube forms the cerebral hemisphere?

Answer 5

telencephalon

Question 6

in the neural tube what structure conneccts the 2 parts of the cerebral hemisphere ( telenchephalon)?

Answer 6

Lamina terminalis

Question 7

In a grown human body what does the Lamina terminalis become?

Answer 7

the corpus callosum and anterior commisure

Question 8

what area of the diencephalon is the optic chiasm and what nerve goes to it?

Answer 8

Most anterior to the hypothalamus –> optic nerve runs towards it

Question 9

what seperates the thalamus and hypothalamus?

Answer 9

Hypothalamic sulcus

Question 10

what is the thalamus and hypothalamus made up of?

Answer 10

Group of cell bodies –> nucleis

Question 11

during development what is the positions of hypothalamus and thalamus in the diencaphalon?

Answer 11

Hypothalamus is ventral

thalamus is dorsal

Question 12

what are the components and structure of thalamus?

Answer 12

one on each side and the 3rd ventricle is wedged between them

Question 13

explain the function of the nucleis in the thalamus?

Answer 13

All but one (reticular nucleus) send fibers to specfic part of the cerebral cortex –> either motor or sensory –> very specific –> these are called relayed nuclei that are defined to a cortical area

Question 14

what is the role of the hypothalamus?

Answer 14

autonomic and neuroendocrine functions

Question 15

what is the subthalamus role?

Answer 15

Involved in motor control

Question 16

what is hemiballismus ?

Answer 16

it is a lesion in the subthalamus –> have random hand movements –> unctrolled movement

Question 17

what structure is in the Epithalamus and what does it secrete?

Answer 17

the pineal gland is within it and it secretes melatonin

Question 18

what does melatonin do?

Answer 18

It recognised the onset of darkness

Question 19

what does Anterior commissure do?

Answer 19

helps to communicate between the two hemispheres

Question 20

what is the fornix and what does it do?

Answer 20

it is a buddle of white matter (axons) that connects the temporal lobe to the hypothalamus –> can do actions of learned behaviour

Question 21

what does Pituitary stalk do?

Answer 21

connects the pituitary gland

Question 22

what shapes does the telencephalon and most structures form in the brain?

Answer 22

C shape

Question 23

what parts of the brain does the lateral ventricle occupy?

Answer 23

anterior horn –> frontal lobe
posteiror horn –> occipital lobe
inferior horn –> temporal lobe

Question 24

what is the cerebral cortex made out of and how thick is it?

Answer 24

grey matter and 2-4mm

Question 25

what is the name of the fibers that talk to the gyri of the same cerebral hemisphere

Answer 25

if they are next to each other then they are short association fibers if they are different parts of the same hemisphere then they are long association fibers

Question 26

what fibers communicate between hemisphers? GIve examples

Answer 26

commisural fibers --> corpus callosum and | anterior commissure

Question 27

what does the anterior commissure do?

Answer 27

it connects the discrete parts of the cerebral hemispheres --> temporal lobe

Question 28

what is projection fibers?

Answer 28

project from one structure to another -> usually on the same side --> projectiosn such as thalamus to cortex --> info to and from the hemispheres

Question 29

what is internal capsules

Answer 29

they are projection fibers that connect the brain stem, thalamus and cortex

Question 30

what does the deep grey matters form of the cerebral hemisphere?

Answer 30

basal ganglia

Question 31

what structures form the basal ganglia

Answer 31

Caudate nucleus | Lentiform nucleus

Question 32

what are the two structures that make up the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 32

Globus pallidus | Putamen

Question 33

what is basal ganglai involved in and what is it surrounded by?

Answer 33

invovled in movement control and surrounded by white matter

Question 34

what does the ventricular system dervive from?

Answer 34

lumen of neural tube

Question 35

what connects the lateral ventricle to the 3rd ventricle?

Answer 35

interventricular foramen

Question 36

what connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th

Answer 36

cerebral aquaduct

Question 37

how does the 4th ventricle connect to the subarchnoid space?

Answer 37

via middle and lateral aperture

Question 38

where is CSF produced and where does it go to?

Answer 38

produced by specialised areas lining the ventricles – Choroid plexus --> special epithelial cells and go to the spinal cord and around the brain

Question 39

how does CSF go to the dural venous sinuses?

Answer 39

via the archanoid villi

Question 40

what is the functions of CSF?

Answer 40

Brain and spinal cord float to reduce traction 2. Cushioning effect to dampen trauma 3. Removes metabolites from CSF 4. Provides stable environment brain to live in

Question 41

what are common places of narrowing in the ventricle of CSF?

Answer 41

cerebral aqueduct and interventricular foramen

Question 42

what is the condition that is caused when CSF is blocked?

Answer 42

Hydrocephalus

Question 43

where does most of the CSF get produced?

Answer 43

choroid plexus in the lateral ventricle

Question 44

how does CSF go to the venous system?

Answer 44

via the dural sinuses | – predominantly the superior sagittal sinus

Question 45

what cortex does the anterior nucleus synapse too?

Answer 45

cingulate cortex

Question 46

what cortex does the medial nucleus synapse too?

Answer 46

prefrontal cortex

Question 47

what cortex does the ventral anterior nucleus synapse too?

Answer 47

pre motor cortex

Question 48

what cortex does the ventral lateral nucleus synapse too?

Answer 48

primary motor cortex

Question 49

what cortex does the ventral postolateral nucleus synapse too?

Answer 49

somatosensory nucleus

Question 50

what cortex does the lateral geniculate nucleus synapse too?

Answer 50

visual cortex

Question 51

what cortex does the medial geniculate nucleus synapse too?

Answer 51

auditory cortex

Question 52

which component of the ventricular system is found in the pons?

Answer 52

4th ventricle

Question 53

where is the 3rd ventricule found?

Answer 53

in the diencephalon region

Question 54

which component of the ventricular system is found in the midbrain?

Answer 54

the cerebral aqueduct z

Question 55

what is the name of the connection between the two thalamus

Answer 55

interthalamic adhesion

Question 56

what does the interthalamic adhesion contain?

Answer 56

just a mass of tissue --> no axons or anything

Question 57

what is the roof of the 4th ventricle

Answer 57

the superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 58

what is the root of the medial aperture?

Answer 58

extends between the medulla and inferior border of the cerebellum

Question 59

how is corpus striatum nucleus formed?

Answer 59

by the lentiform and caudate nucleus

Question 60

what is the role of the corpus striatum?

Answer 60

part of the basal ganglia and invovled in initiating and controlling movement.

Question 61

what is the shape of the caudate nucleus and how many times can you see it on a horizontal section?

Answer 61

C shaped and twice --> head and tail

Question 62

what occurs when there is a lesion in the subthalamus and what is its name?

Answer 62

the hemiballismus and random uncontrolled movement of the upper limbs

Question 63

what part of the internal capsule is next to the head of the caudate nucleus?

Answer 63

the anterior limb

Question 64

what part of the internal capsule is lateral to the head of the thalamus?

Answer 64

the posterior limb

Question 65

where can you see arachanoid granulations?

Answer 65

between the periosteal and meningeal layer of dura --> where the dural sinus is

Question 66

what is the lentiform nucleus supplied by?

Answer 66

MCA

Question 67

what is the name of the lesion of the optic chiasma?

Answer 67

chiasmal syndrome

Question 68

what occurs in chiasmal syndrome?

Answer 68

it is lesion of the optic chiasma --> it is split longitudinally and thereefore get visial field defect