week 4 movement

Question 1

what 3 bones is the elbow joint composed of?

Answer 1

the humerus, ulna and radius

Question 2

what forms humero-ulner articulations?

Answer 2

the trochlear of the humerus and the trochlea notch of the ulner forms the articulation

Question 3

what forms humero-radial articulations?

Answer 3

the capitulum of the humerus and the upper surface of the radius head

Question 4

what is the positioning of the ulna and the radius?

Answer 4

ulna –> medial

radial –> lateral

Question 5

what is the ligament reinforcement of the elbow joint?

Answer 5

laterally by the radial collateral ligament

medially by the ulna collateral ligament

Question 6

what two directions is the elbow joint not reinforced and why?

Answer 6

it is not reinforced posteriorly or anteriorly. This allows the elbow to flex and extend

Question 7

which bone in the elbow joint is responsible for stability?

Answer 7

the trochlea and the trochlea notch of the ulna. The radial does not play a part in stability of the elbow joint

Question 8

how does posterior dislocation occur and how common is it?

Answer 8

80-90% of dislocation. The distal end of the humrus is driven through the weeken anterior part of the joint capsule

Question 9

what are the two causes of posterior dislocation?

Answer 9

land on the arm flexed

or land on the arm when is fully hyperextension which causes the elbow to pop out posteriorly or postolaterally

Question 10

what associate injuries can occur with posterior dislocation

Answer 10

Ulnar collateral ligament torn
Fractures- head of radius, coronoid process, olecranon process
Ulnar nerve injury

Question 11

what are the symptoms of posterior elbow dislocation?

Answer 11

server pain, widened area of the elbow region, prominant olecranon process

Question 12

which nerve can posterior dislocation damage and what is the consequence

Answer 12

ulnar nerve be damaged. It is part of the brachial plexus and can cause numbness on the medial part of the palm and the fingers. Also weekness of flexion and adduction of the wrist.

Question 13

what is simple elbow dislocation?

Answer 13

where there is no fractures of the bone around the elbow joint and only the ligament is damaged. No need for surgery

Question 14

what is a complex elbow dislocation?

Answer 14

it is usually associated with fracture of the forearm. Surgery is often needed to fix the brocken bone and keep the elbow joint in correct place

Question 15

what are two movements of the elbow joint?

Answer 15

flexion and extension

Question 16

how far can the elbow usually extend and what is stopping it from going any further?

Answer 16

it can usually extend ot 180 degrees and usually the olecranond process of the ulna fits nicely into the olecranond fossa of the humerus. Not allowing it to extend any more. Bone on bone

Question 17

what happens in hyperextension?

Answer 17

this is when the elbow can extend pass 180 degrees. There is a hole in the humerus called olecranond fossae which allows the olceranond process of the ulna to pass through the humerus and extend further

Question 18

what are the three muscles of flexor?

Answer 18

bicpe brachii, brachialis, and Brachioradialis ( is a acessory flexor muscle that aides brachialis)

Question 19

what compartment are the flexor muscles on the forearm?

Answer 19

the anterior compartment however the brachioradialis is in the posterior part and classed as a extensor but moves anteirorly when arm is being flexed

Question 20

what is the main muscle involved in flexion?

Answer 20

brachialis

Question 21

what is the muscle of extension of the elbow joints and how many parts does it have?

Answer 21

tricep brachii

long head, medial head and lateral head

Question 22

what are the origions of each part of the tricep brachii and what is there innervation and how do they attatch to the elbow joint?

Answer 22

Long head - Infraglenoid tubercle (scapula)
Lateral head - Posterolateral humerus above spiral groove
Medial head - Posteromedial humerus below spiral groove
supplied by the radial nerve C5-T1
insertion at the olecranon process of the ulna the 3 parts come togehter as one –> tricep tendon

Question 23

what protects the olecranon process?

Answer 23

the olecranon bursa –> contains synovila fluid

Question 24

what is olecranon burisitis?

Answer 24

it is when the olecranon bursa is excessive, repeated pressure and friction over the olecranon can cause inflammation of the bursa –> cause swelling and pain.

Question 25

what articulation is involved in Proximal Radioulnar Joint?

Answer 25

the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna

Question 26

what is the function of the alunar ligament?

Answer 26

it wraps around the head of the radius, stables the radius and allows the rotation of the radius when supination and pronation of the forearm.

Question 27

when is it most common to dislocate your anular ligament?

Answer 27

before the age of 4 and usually occurs when pulling the child up by one arm or lift the child. The radius is more prone to dislocation

Question 28

what is supination and pronation of the forearm?

Answer 28

In supination the palm is facing up and in pronation the palm is facing down

Question 29

what nerve and muscles are involved in the rotation from supination of forearm to pronation?

Answer 29

the median nerve and is the contraction of pronator teres and pronator quadratus

Question 30

what nerve and muscles are involved in the rotation of the forearm from pronation to supination?

Answer 30

radial nerve and Musculocuanteous nerve. The bicep brachii and supinator contract

Question 31

what is the primary function of the bicep brachii?

Answer 31

to supinate the arm and can only use the bicep brachii in the supinated position

Question 32

what are the two common sights where insertions of tendons into bone becomes inflamed?

Answer 32

lateral and medial epicondyle medial epicondyle commonly caused by golf lateral epicodnyle caused by tennis

Question 33

what muscle type attatches to the medial and lateral epicondyle?

Answer 33

the wrist flexor muscles for the medial | the wrist extensor muscles for the lateral

Question 34

what is the symptoms where there is inflammation at the epicondyle?

Answer 34

symptoms are Local tenderness. Pain radiates into forearm on along the affected muscles treatment--> rest, anti inflammatory or injection of corticosteriods if the pain is very bad

Question 35

what part of the epicondyle can alvusion happen and why?

Answer 35

the medial epicondyle ossifies seperatly from the humerus and is only attached to the cartiladge until the age between 14-20 when it fuses. Trauma can cause the ulnar collateral ligament to stretch which pushes the medial epicondyle out of place --> which can cause damage to the ulnar nerve

Question 36

wher does humerus fracture take place?

Answer 36

at the surgical neck not the anatomical because there is a narrowing and weekness at teh surfical neck part. Can damage the axillary nerve region

Question 37

how can you test if the axillary nerve is damaged?

Answer 37

test the deltiod musclea and sensation in the regimental badge area

Question 38

what occurs in the Humeral shaft fracture?

Answer 38

there is radial groove where radial nerve runs on the posterior surface of the humerus. Is a weekening at this position. Fracture here will cause the deltiod which is attached to the humerus more superiorly will pull the proximal part of the humerus laterally. Get a gap between the two fractures and can damage the radial nerve which controls the extensor part of the arm. Can lead to paraylse of the muscles controlling the extensor part of the forearm and fingers

Question 39

what is Supracondylar?

Answer 39

most commonly occurs to children. If the humerus is fractured and displaced anteriorly can damage both the brachialm artery and median nerve which supply the anterior flexor muscles of the forearm. It can lead to paraylse and if damage to the arm --> hypoxia, turning blue and eventually necrosis --> dead tissue if not dealt with quickly

Question 40

damage to the ulna nerve causes damage to which muscle? what is the outcome?

Answer 40

flexor carpi ulnaris --> controls flexion of your wrist

Question 41

what does the cephalic vein drain and where does it originate from?

Answer 41

it originates from the anatomical snuff box at the base of the thumb. drains the posterior and lateral surface of the arm, forearm and hand.

Question 42

how does the cephalic vein drain into the axillary vein?

Answer 42

it enters the clavicopectoral triangle in the arm, then penetrates the deep fascia to get to the axillary vein

Question 43

what does the basilic vein drain and what is its origion?

Answer 43

basilic vein originates from the dorsal venous network of the hand--> drains the postomedial surface of the forearm and hand.

Question 44

where does the cephalic and basilic vein both originate from?

Answer 44

the dorsal venous network of the hand

Question 45

what is the route of the basilic vein?

Answer 45

it runs postomedially up the forearm and then goes onto the anterior limb just inferior to the elbow joint --> carries up half way up the arm and the penetrates the deep fascia - fascia --> to join the deep veins to form axillary vein

Question 46

what is the lateral wall of the axillia made up off?

Answer 46

intertubercular sulcus

Question 47

what is the medial wall of the axillia made up of?

Answer 47

serratus anterior, 4th rib and upper thoracic wall

Question 48

what is the anterior wall of the axillia made up off?

Answer 48

pectroalis minor and major, subclavius and clavicopectoral fascia

Question 49

what is the posterior wall of the axillia made up off?

Answer 49

subclavius, subscapularis, teres major, lattismus dorsi

Question 50

what is the relation between the pectoralis minor and brachial plexus?

Answer 50

in the axillia the pectoralis minor lies over the brachial plexus

Question 51

what tendons form the anatomical snuff box?

Answer 51

the roof is formed by the extensor pollicis longus | the floor is mad up of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus