Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

JL Neurology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

(91 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What part of the neurone receives inputs from other neurones and convey graded electrical signals passively to the soma?

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the synthetic and metabolic centre of the nuerone?

A

Soma - integrates incoming signals that are conducted passively to the axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where in a neurone is the site of initiation of the all or none action potential

A

Axon hillock and initial segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What part of a neurone conducts output signals as actin potentials to other nuerones, mediates transport of materials between the soma and presynaptic terminal and vice versa?

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What things exploit retrograde transport to infect neurones?

A

Several viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give an example of a unipolar neurone?

A

Peripheral autonomic neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give an example of a pseudounipolar neurone?

A

Dorsal root ganglion neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give an example of a bipolar neurone?

A

Retinal bioplar neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give an example of a multipolar neurone?

A

Lower motor neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What has a constant amplitude?

A

Action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the distance over which current spread depend on?

A

Mmebrane resistance and axial resistance of the axoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What provides myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What provides myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the term given for when AP leap from one node of ranvier to the next?

A

Saltatory conduction in myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common type of synapse?

A

Axodendritic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What two classifications do synapses fall into?

A

Inhibitory and excitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the transmitter in excitatory synapses?

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the transmitter in inhibitory synapses?

A

Glycine. aminobutyric acid (GABA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What transmitter activates cation ( positive) selective receptors?

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What transmitter activates anion selective receptors?

A

Glycine, GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the three major amino acid neurotransmitters in the CNS?

A

Glutamate, GABA and glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are released from synaptic esicles?`

A

Amino acids and amines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are released from secretory vesicles?

A

Peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do GABA and amines require to be synthesised by the neurones specifically?

A

Specific enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What direction do K channels flow?
Outwards of cells (hyperpolarisation, inhibitory)
26
What shape are glutamate receptor channels?
Tetramers
27
What shape are GABA, glycine and nicorinic ACh gates channels?
Pentamers
28
What is the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors?
Modulation of neurotransmission (e.g. presynaptic inhibition (inhibition of Ca channels))
29
What channel is operated in ionotropic GABA a receptors?
Cl channels
30
What channel is operated in metabotropic GABA b receptors?
Potassium channel
31
Which is slower - ionotropic receptors or metabotropic (gprotein couples) receptors?
Metabotropic
32
Because the slow actions of metabotropic receptors (gprotein couples) cannot trigger APs - what do they do instead
Modulate synaptic actions
33
In relation to a graded potential - what can increase the amplitude and allow it to travel further?
Soidum
34
Give an example of a strategy to increase quantal (neurotransmitter) release - extensive innervation?
Purkinje cell - inferior olivary neuron synapse
35
In relation to the somatosensory system: what do low threshold units respond to?
Low intensity - non-damaging and non-painful stimli
36
In relation to the somatosensory system: what do high threshold units (nociceptors) respond to?
High (noxious, potentially damaging) stimuli
37
What response do strethc receptors give?
Slow adapting tonic/static
38
What response does hair follicle afferents give?
Rapidly adapting phasic/dynamic
39
What type of axon from skin is thick and involved in proprioceptors of skeletal muscles?
A-alpha
40
What type of axons from skin are mechanoreceptors of skin?
A-beta
41
What type of axons from skin are pain, temperature?
A-delta
42
What type of axons from skin are temperature, pain and itch?
C
43
What term is given to the region that when stimulated with adequate stimulus causes a response in that afferent neurone?
Receptive field
44
What can be said about regions with the highest discriminative capacity?
They have the smallest receptive fields (finger tips)
45
Where are krause end bulbs found?
At the border of dry skin and mucous membranes
46
Where are ruffini endings found?
Within dermis and also joint capsules
47
What fibre group is C mechanoreceptor involved in stroking, social and erotic touch?
Fibre group C
48
What name is given to the area of skin innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a single segment?
Dermatome
49
What is shingles due to infection of?
Dorsal root ganglion neurones
50
What fibre class are nociceptors and where do they terminate?
A-delta/C | Terminate in laminae I and II
51
What fibre class are LTMs and where do they terminaste?
A-beta | Terminate in laminae III - IV
52
What fibre class are proprioceptors and where do they terminate?
A-alpha | Terminate in laminae VII - IX
53
In the dorsal column medial leminscal pathway - (proprioception [Aalpha] and mechanoreceptors [Abeta]) where does decussation occur?
Brainstem
54
In the spinothalamic tract (pain, thermosensation [c/delta]) where does decussation occur?
At all levels of spinal cord, close to point of entry
55
What does the dorsal column consist of?
Medial fasciculus gracilis and lateral fasciculus cuneatus
56
What dorsal column does sesnsory input to T6 and below travel in?
Medial fasciculus gracilis
57
What dorsal column does sensory input to above T6 travel in?
Lateral fasciculus cuneatus
58
Whast is the major route in which touch and proprioceptive information ascents to the cerebral cortex?
Dorsal column medial lemniscal
59
What is general somatic information from the anterior head mediated by?
Two trigeminothalamic pathways
60
Central terminals of the trigeminal nerve sypnase upon second order neurones in what two nuclei?
Chief sensory - general tactile stimuli | Spinal nucleus - pain, temperature
61
Once central terminals of trigeminal nerve have synpased on either chief sensory nucleus or spinal nucleus - they then decussate and project where?
To the ventroposteriomedial nucleus of the thalamus
62
What is located in the post central gyrus of the parietal cortex, immediately posterior to the central sulcus and adjacent to the posterior parietal cortex?
The somatosenosry cortex (SI)
63
What Brodman areas make up the somatosensory cortex?
1, 2, 3a and 3b
64
What does the somatosensory cortex receive input from?
The VP thalamus
65
In the somatosensory cortex - what inputs into BA 3a?
proprioceptors (muscle spindles)
66
In the somatosensory cortex - what inputs into BA 3b?
Cutaneous and RA receptors (touch
67
In the somatosensory cortex - what inputs into BA 1
Cutaneous RA mechanoreceptors (texture discrimination)
68
In the somatosensory cortex - what inputs into BA 2
Joint afferents, golgi tendon organs, deep tissues (object perception)
69
What does scaling the body surface to the volume of SI cortex devoted to hte representation of a body part give rise to?
Homunculus
70
What do adjacent strips of the somatosensory cortex map?
The same parts of the body in parallel to eac other. Maps are mirror images of each other
71
If a finger (D3) is amputated what happens to the area of somatosensory cortex representing the finger?
Utlised by other sensory inputs such as adjacent digits D2 and D4
72
What cortex receives and integrates information from somatosensory cortex and other cortical areas (visual, auditory) and subcortical areas (thalamus)?
Posterior parietal cortex
73
Damage to the right parietal cortex can cause what syndrome?
Neglect syndrome
74
What are the three types of pain?
1. Sensory - discriminative 2. Cognitive - evaluative 3. Affective - emotional
75
What is the difference between nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain?
Nociceptive - appropriate physiologic response to painful stimuli Neuropathic - inappropritate response caused by a dysfunction in nervous system
76
Give a few causes of neuropathic pain?
1. Shingles 2/ Surgery 3. Diabetic neuropathy
77
Name two non-opiod analgesics?
NSAIDS | Paracetamol
78
Name 4 opiod analgesics?
1. Tramadol 2. Codeine 3. Morphine 4. Oxycodone
79
Name two antidepressant adjucants?
Amytriptyline | Duloxetine
80
Name two anticonvulsant adjucants?
1. Gabapentin | 2. Pregabalin
81
Name two topical analgesic adjucants?
Capsaicin | Lidocaine 5% plaster
82
What type of pain do non-opid analgesics act on?
Nociceptive pain
83
How do non-opiod analgeiscs (NSAIDS) work?
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin synthesis decreases
84
What type of pain do opiod analgeiscs act on?
Nociceptive, only partially effective in neuropathic pain
85
Name some side effects of weak opiods?
Nausea, vomiting, constipation, dizziness, somnolence, dry skin and itch
86
What type of pain are antidepressants used for?
Neuropathic - CRPS, tension headache
87
How do antidepressants work for pain?
Inhibition of neuronal reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin (5-HT)
88
Name some side effects of antidepressents?
Constipation, dry mouth, somnolence, heart rate, insomnia, increased appetite
89
What type of pain are anticonvuldsants used for?
Neuropathic pain
90
Some side effects of anticonvulsants?
Sedation, dizziness, ataxia, peripheral oedema, nausea, weight gain
91
What do topical analgesics reduce pain impulses transmitted by?
A-delta fibres | C-fibres

JL Neurology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions