Week 1 Flashcards
What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region? Innervation?
Gluteus maximus; inferior gluteal nerve (L5,S1,S2)
Rest are superior gluteal nerve(L5,s1)
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
What is the function of the gluteus maximus?
To extend thigh mainly from flexed position (sitting)
What is the function of the gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia latae ?
Abduct and medially rotate thigh and keep pelvis level when ipsilateral limb is weight bearing e.g when walking keeps pelvis straight when leading leg moving.
Name the deep muscles of the gluteal region
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Superior and inferior gemelli
Quadratus femoris
What type of joint is the hip?
Synovial joint that is ball and socket
What is the blood supply to the femur head?
Medial circumflex femoral artery primarily and the retinacular arteries
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
Superolateral; biceps femoris
Supermedial; semimebranosus
Inferior; gastrocnemius
Roof; popliteal fascia
What two tendons combine to form the achilles tendon (calcaneal)?
Gastrocnemius and soleus tendons
With what nerve is the problem that causes trendelbergs gait?
Superior gluteal nerve
What factors influence the tension produced in a skeletal muscle?
Number of muscle fibres contracting (contraction increasing iwth more fibres)
Length of fibre, freq of stimulation and summation of contractions, thickness of muscles
Explain how tension increases with increased frequency of stimulation
AP of neurone on muscle causes contraction after the AP has ended. Therefore if have lots of AP in quick succession then can get cumulative wave contraction effect to produce a larger contraction.
If no relaxation between muscle stimulation then get large sustained contraction known as tetanus
Max muscle tension develops at optimum muscle length, what is optimum muscle length?
When there is most overlap between actin and muosin binding sites so when contraction occurs all sites are being utilised. Usually this is the resting length
What are the two primary types of muscle contraction?
Isotonic contractions; length of muscle changes to allow a constant muscle tension e.g body movements like moving objects
Isometric contraction; CONSTANT MUSCLE LENGTH to allow constant muscle tension e.g fixed positions and posture like planking
What mechanism is utilised during contraction in skeletal muscle to help prevent muscle fatigue
Asynchronous motor unit recruitment during submaximal contractions
Define the motor unit
Motor unit is all the single type muscle fibres stimulated by a single alpha motor neurone
Give the features of a Type 1 muscle fibre
Slow-oxidative fibre, that is dependent on aerobic metabolism for ATP, resistant to fatigue used mainly for prolonged work aerobic like walking and posture
Give the features of a Type 3 muscle fibre
High ATPase activity, fast glycolytic, easy fatigued due to inability to produce high ATP, hence dependent on enzymes for anaerobic glycolysis. High intensity activites
Define the term reflex action
Stereotyped response to a specific stimulus, simplified form of a coordinated movement located at various levels of the motor system
How can stretch reflexes be used to localise lesions?
As there are different nerves that are stimulated by the reflexs if one is absent you can tell which vertebral level neurone has an issue
What is the function of an electromyography is diagnosing neuromuscular disease?
Detects electrical activity in muslce so used to differentiate between primary muscle disease and muscle weakness
What is the function of muscle enzymes is diagnosing neuromuscular disease?
Creatine kinase raised indicates damage in a muscle
Women presents witha butterfly rash across her face, she has a blood test that is ANA+ diagnosis?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Man with psoriasis presents with pain in the joints of her left hand, its hot and tender, and has occurred over the last few hours. Likely diagnosis?
Gout, due to psoriasis being risk factor and male. Also the sudden onset rules out osteoarthritis and the fact it is unilateral rules out rheumatoid arthritis
What are some of the toxins produced by staph aureus?
Enterotixin (food poisoning)
SSST
PVL (panton valentine leukocidin)
