Week 1

Question 1

What Physical phenomenon is responsible for Hydrophobic and Hydrophlic interactions in the tertiary structure of proteins?

Answer 1

Van Der Waal’s forces

Question 2

Which sugar component of DNA and RNA is rich in oxygen?

Answer 2

RNA

Question 3

List the five Nitrogenous Bases:

Answer 3

Guanine

Cytosine

Adenine

Thymine

Uracil

Question 4

The carbon ring in a nucleotide contains 4 or 5 Carbons?

Answer 4

4 Carbons

Question 5

Three hydrogen bonds wil be found between which two Nitrogenous Bases?

Answer 5

Cytosine and Guanine

Question 6

Defective duplicate genes found in eukaryotic cells are known as:

Answer 6

Pseudogenes

Question 7

HOX genes clusters consist of normal genes, and what?

Answer 7

Pseudogenes

Question 8

are expressed Pseudogene mRNA used for protein transcription?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

What type of genes regulate axial development of the embryo?

Answer 9

HOX gene clusters

Question 10

Are proteins encoded by rRNA?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

What is unique about Introns found in LINEs?

(Long Interspersed Elements)

Answer 11

A coding sequence

Question 12

What does LINEs stand for in DNA types?

Answer 12

Long Interspersed Elements

Question 13

Alu elements (Named for the Alu 1 Restriction enzyme) are what type of DNA genes?

Answer 13

Short Interspersed Elements

SINEs

Question 14

The template strand is the sense or antisense strand?

Answer 14

Sense strand

Question 15

Polymerase works in which direction - 5’⇒3’ or 3’⇒5’?

Answer 15

5’⇒3’

Question 16

Chromosomes are synthesised during G₁ phase of the cell cycle.

True or False?

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What is the diploid number for human somatic cells?

Answer 17

23

Question 18

How many individual chromosomes are found in a cell during S phase?

Answer 18

96

Question 19

At what phase of the cell cycle does the error checking of chromosomes formed during S phase occur?

Answer 19

G₂

Question 20

What are the molecules which toggle DNA replication and cell division activities?

Answer 20

Cyclins

Question 21

What substrate must accumulate in the cytoplasm in order for mitosis to be triggered by cyclin-dependant kinase (Cdk)?

Answer 21

M-Cyclin

Question 22

Which cyclin is the longest acting during the cell cycle?

G₁/S-Cyclin

S-Cyclin

M-Cyclin

Answer 22

S-Cyclin

Question 23

During which phase of the cell cycle does G₁/S-Cyclin activity peak?

Answer 23

G₁

Question 24

M-Cyclin begins accumulating during which phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 24

G₂

Question 25

What process is required to trigger the degradation of M-Cyclin after mitosis?

Answer 25

Ubiquitination

Question 26

What is *the point on a chromosome where replication starts* known as?

Answer 26

*Ori*

Question 27

How does the process of sequential DNA replication made more time-efficient, given the extraordinary length of DNA molecules?

Answer 27

Multiple *Ori* ## Footnote *Allows parallel dna replication processes along the same chromosome*

Question 28

The Ori found along a chromosome consist of sequences rich in which nucleotide pairs? AT or CG

Answer 28

AT

Question 29

The *Ori* of chromosomes are rich in AT pairs, why?

Answer 29

Two H-bonds (as opposed to 3 in CG)

Question 30

What is a synonym for Helicase?

Answer 30

MCM

Question 31

What molecule must first bind with the *Ori* to initiate the assembly of the MCM (Helicase)?

Answer 31

ORC Ori Recognition Complex

Question 32

What component of the Helicase (MCM) is destroyed by S-Cdk?

Answer 32

Cdc6

Question 33

Which Cyclin Dependant Kinase inactivates the ORC (Origin Recognition Complex)?

Answer 33

S-Cdk

Question 34

S-Cdk causes the inactivation of ORC by destruction of Cdc6, why?

Answer 34

To prevent re-replication _{(DNA is replicated ONCE during the cell cycle)}

Question 35

DNA is read in the 3' ⇒ 5' direction, hence DNA is synthesised in the:

Answer 35

5' ⇒ 3' direction

Question 36

DNA molecules are antiparallel, meaning DNA is: \_\_\_\_\_ in the 3' ⇒ 5' direction, \_\_\_\_\_ in the 5' ⇒ 3' direction.

Answer 36

Read in the 3' ⇒ 5' direction, Written in the 5' ⇒ 3' direction.

Question 37

The Parental DNA strand is the *Sense* or *Antisense* strand?

Answer 37

Antisense

Question 38

Exonucleases perform what function?

Answer 38

Error checking and correction

Question 39

Continuation of the leading strand of DNA is done by which Polymerase?

Answer 39

DNA Polymerase *Epsilon*

Question 40

Continuation of the lagging strand is carried out by which DNA Polymerase?

Answer 40

DNA Polymerase *Gamma*

Question 41

What enzyme joins Okazaki fragments along the lagging strand together to form a complete strand (parallel to the parent?)

Answer 41

DNA Ligase

Question 42

DNA Ligase is required to complete strands created by: DNA Polymerase ε or DNA Polymerase δ

Answer 42

DNA Polymerase δ

Question 43

The Hayflick Limit refers to what aspect of DNA replication?

Answer 43

Shortening of Telomeres, as DNA strands must be built in the 5' ⇒ 3' direction

Question 44

Prior to AP Endonuclease and Phosphodiesterase removing a sugar molecule from DNA during repair, what enzyme must first act on the site of a nucleotide mismatch?

Answer 44

DNA Glycosylase

Question 45

Xeroderma Pigmentosum is a disease caused by mutations in genes encoding what proteins?

Answer 45

Nucleotide Excision Repair enzymes

Question 46

Are nucleotide sequences retained in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair?

Answer 46

No

Question 47

Bloom syndrome, a disease resulting in short stature, cancers and rash from sun exposure is a result of mutation in genes encoding what proteins?

Answer 47

DNA Helicase

Question 48

Which feature of a DNA strand encodes proteins? Exons or Introns?

Answer 48

Exons

Question 49

What sequence precedes an exon along a DNA strand?

Answer 49

Promoter region _{(Includes the TATA box)}

Question 50

What sequences upstream from the gene promoter site function to regulate DNA transcription to RNA?

Answer 50

Enhancers and Silencers

Question 51

Behaviour of Enhancer and Silencer regions of DNA during transcription are regulated by:

Answer 51

What type of cell the DNA is located in

Question 52

What is the purpose of Alternative Splicing in protein synthesis?

Answer 52

Allowing for multiple RNA/Proteins to be produced from the same set of exons.

Question 53

What is the purpose of Polysomes?

Answer 53

allowing multiple proteins to be produced from the same mRNA simultaneously

Question 54

Antisense RNA, miRNA and siRNA perform what functions?

Answer 54

Downregulation and suppresion of gene expression

Question 55

Ribosomal subunits of 50S and 30S are associated with prokaryotes, or eukaryotes?

Answer 55

Prokaryotes

Question 56

Ribosomal subunits of 40S and 60S are associated with prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Answer 56

Eukaryotes

Question 57

5' Caps and Poly-A tails are features of Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic mRNA?

Answer 57

Eukaryotic mRNA

Question 58

What is the function of *Operons*?

Answer 58

Regulating gene expression in prokaryotes

Question 59

Bacteria which have mutated to resist antibiotic drugs will eventually become the majority of the population of that particular bacteria - is this *horizontal* or *vertical* resistance gene transfer?

Answer 59

Vertical

Question 60

What are the three types of horizontal resistance gene transfer in bacteria?

Answer 60

Transformation Conjugation Transduction

Question 61

Drug resistance gene transfer that is carried out through cell division is an example of *vertical* or *horizontal* gene transfer?

Answer 61

vertical

Question 62

Resistance gene transfer that is achieved by transferring new DNA via a protein tube between adjacent bacteria is an example of: ## Footnote * Conjugation* * Transduction* * Transformation?*

Answer 62

Conjugation

Question 63

Resistance gene transfer that is achieved by introduction of new DNA by Bacteriophage (Virii) is an example of: * Conjugation* * Transduction* * Transformation*?

Answer 63

Transduction

Question 64

Resistance gene transfer that is achieved by absorption of new DNA from the external environment is an example of: * Conjugation* * Transduction* * Transformation*?

Answer 64

Transformation

Question 65

In transduction, the incorporation and proliferation of Phage DNA in to the chromosome of the host bacteria is known as: Lysogenic Cycle Lytic Cycle

Answer 65

Lysogenic

Question 66

In transduction, phage DNA that utilises bacterial machinery to produce more copies of the virus (with the view to release from the cell) is known as: The Lysogenic Cycle The Lytic Cycle

Answer 66

Lytic cycle

Question 67

A section of DNA incorporated in to the bacterial chromosome by a virus is known as a:

Answer 67

Prophage

Question 68

During conjucation by bacteria, genetic material travelling through the sex pilus originates from the: Bacterial Chromosome *or* a Plasmid?

Answer 68

Plasmid

Question 69

Virii are *Obligate Parasites* - what does this mean?

Answer 69

They require the use of host machinery to reproduce

Question 70

Genetic material, combined with Capsid Protein is known as a:

Answer 70

Nucleocapsid

Question 71

A nucleocapsid consists of what two materials?

Answer 71

Capsid Protein Genetic material (DNA or RNA)

Question 72

What are the two morphological structures of viral genomes?

Answer 72

Linear Circular

Question 73

The two structures of viral genomes, *Circular* and *Linear*, are both further broken down in what two classifications?

Answer 73

Segmented Non-Segmented

Question 74

Which of the following virii are able to be used directly as mRNA for protein synthesis? ssRNA (+) ssRNA (-)

Answer 74

ssRNA (+)

Question 75

What enzyme makes retroviruses unique?

Answer 75

DNA Reverse Transcriptase