Week 1 - Animal Diversity

Question 1

How do animals stand upright + are not blobs if they have no cell walls?

Answer 1

Collagen

Question 2

Collagen (composition)

Answer 2

PROTEIN INNOVATION. Foundation of bone, crystals of calcium and phosphate are deposited onto it. Other tissues can be draped onto collagen.

Question 3

What binds muscle to bone?

Answer 3

Collagen

Question 4

What 3 things allow animals to move?

Answer 4

Collagen, muscle tissue and nervous tissue

Question 5

What is a blastula?

Answer 5

Hollow multicellular sphere. A stage of an animal embryo

Question 6

What is Gastrulation?

Answer 6

The infolding of the blastula.

Question 7

What would happen if gastrulation was to change?

Answer 7

The fundamental meaning of what it means to be an animal would change

Question 8

What are hox genes?

Answer 8

Set of genes that dictate embryonic development

Question 9

Which phyla does not have any Hox genes?

Answer 9

Porifera

Question 10

How many genes make up a set of Hox genes?

Answer 10

Up to 13

Question 11

How many sets of Hox genes do invertebrates have

Answer 11

1

Question 12

How many copies of the Hox gene set do vertebrates have?

Answer 12

4

Question 13

Why are vertebrate organ systems more complex (ie. more bells and whistles but same base) compared to invertebrates?

Answer 13

Vertebrates have more copies of the Hox gene sets

Question 14

In what geo. era did the animals ancestor come from?

Answer 14

Ediacaran era (635 mya)

Question 15

When was the Ediacaran era

Answer 15

635 mya

Question 16

What are the closest relatives to animals/ common ancestor? Why?

Answer 16

Choanoflagellates. They greatly resemble the cells that make up sponges’ bodies (choanocytes)

Question 17

Earliest molecular and chemical evidence of animals?

Answer 17

1 billion years ago

Question 18

Earliest fossil evidence of animals?

Answer 18

500 mya. Soft bodied ediacaran

Question 19

What is so special about the Cambrian period?

Answer 19

Animals with muscles, neurons, collagen, hox genes appeared

Question 20

What is needed for endo/exo skeletons?

Answer 20

Collagen

Question 21

When was the cambrian period

Answer 21

542 mya

Question 22

What is the cambrian explosion?

Answer 22

Radiation during cambrian period. MOST IMPORTANT MOMENT IN HISTORY OF ANIMAL EVOLUTION (bc start of hox genes, collagen muscle, nervous)

Question 23

When did plants emerge?

Answer 23

Ordovician period (488mya) of the Paleozoic era

Question 24

What caused the Cretaceous extinction?

Answer 24

An asteroid

Question 25

When was the Cretaceous period?

Answer 25

145 mya

Question 26

What caused the domination of mammals?

Answer 26

The cretaceous extinction killed off dinos, leaving their niches empty. MASSIVE RADIATION to fill those niches

Question 27

What caused the success of mammals (after their radiation)

Answer 27

The domination of angiosperms. Why?- food source (modern: agriculture)

Question 28

When was the radiation of mammals and birds?

Answer 28

Paleocene epoch of the paleogene period of the cenozoic era

Question 29

When did the dominance of angiosperms start?

Answer 29

Eocene epoch (56mya) of the paleogene period of the cenozoic era

Question 30

What are the body plans that sort the animal phyla?

Answer 30

Type of symmetry, embryonic tissues, body cavity, embryonic development

Question 31

What are the types of symmetry?

Answer 31

Radial, bilateral, none

Question 32

What’s weird about the porifera phyla?

Answer 32

No true tissues, no hox genes

Question 33

Which phyla are radially symmetrical

Answer 33

Ctenophora, Cnidaria

Question 34

What is cephalization?

Answer 34

The clustering of neurons and sense organs (formation of head + brain)

Question 35

What is the clustering of neurons and sense organs (formation of head + brain) called?

Answer 35

Cephalization

Question 36

What are the three embryonic tissues?

Answer 36

Ectoderm (the outside of the gastrula), endoderm (the inside of the pouch) and mesoderm (between endo and ecto)

Question 37

What does the ectoderm produce?

Answer 37

nervous tissue, sensory system and epidermis of skin

Question 38

What does the endoderm produce?

Answer 38

epithelial cells lining digestive and respiratory systems

Question 39

What does the mesoderm produce?

Answer 39

dermis of skin, skeletal and muscle systems, circulatory sys, etc

Question 40

What is a diploblastic animal? Name two phylas that are diploblastic

Answer 40

Only has ecto and endoderm- no mesoderm. Ctenophora and Cnidaria

Question 41

What is a triploblastic animal? Which phylas?

Answer 41

Have all three layers (endo, ecto, meso). All bilateral animals are triploblastic

Question 42

What is a ceolom

Answer 42

Fluid- filled space/ body cavity

Question 43

What are ceolomates. Example?

Answer 43

Mesoderm covers and seperates the ecto and endo layers, creating a gap between the layers of mesoderm. Organs are suspended. Ex: earthworms (annelida)

Question 44

What are pseudocoelomates? Example?

Answer 44

Mesoderm only covers ectoderm. Organs can move independently of the rest of the body. Example: nematoda (round worm).

Question 45

What are acoelomateas? Example?

Answer 45

No cavity. Cavity is filled with cells. Ex: flatworm (platyhelminthes)

Question 46

What are the characteristics for protostomes?

Answer 46

1. Spiral cleavage. 2. Determinate. 3. Mesoderm splits into two 4. Mouth develops from blastopore (formed first)

Question 47

What are the characteristics for Deuterostomes?

Answer 47

1. Radial cleavage. 2. Indeterminate. 3. Mesoderm pinches from endoderm layer, stays one 4. Anus develops from blastopore (formed first)