Week 1 - Concepts and Mechanisms of Animal Form and Function

Question 1

What is the drag equation?

Answer 1

D = 1/2 A p v^2 Cd

A: area
p: density of fluid
v: velocity of object relative to fluid
Cd: drag coefficient (constant)

Question 2

How do flying fish work?

Answer 2

Emerge out of water, air is less dense so there is less drag. Gravity pulls them back into water- so the fish fan out their fins to increase vertical drag to counter gravity

Question 3

Is bigger always better for cell sizes?

Answer 3

No. Surface area to volume ratio is fucked up

Question 4

Why are amoeba weirdly shaped?

Answer 4

Amoebas are in direct contact with external environment. They’re shaped weird to increase surface area

Question 5

What are the four types of tissues?

Answer 5

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 6

What are the three epithelial cell shapes?

Answer 6

Cuboidal, columnar, squamous

Question 7

What are the three layers of epithelial cell?

Answer 7

Simple, stratified, pseudostratified

Question 8

Simple columnar epithelial

Answer 8

DIGESTION. produce enzymes. Big because of big endoplastic reticulum needed to make so many enzymes

Question 9

Simple squamous epithelial

Answer 9

RESPIRATION. gas exchange is urgent- so this epithelial is very thin. Flat, thin, moist.

Question 10

Stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 10

MOUTH. abrasion is an issue. LOTS OF LAYERS BC OF THIS. they need to be replaced constantly

Question 11

What are the six major types of connective tissue?

Answer 11

1 Loose
2 Fibrous
3 Bone
4 Blood
5 Adipose
6 Cartilage

Question 12

Connective tissue definition?

Answer 12

Sparsely packed cells and fibres suspended in a matrix.

Question 13

What kind of tissue is the dermis?

Answer 13

Loose connective

Question 14

Composition and function of fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 14

Lots and lots of collagen. Anchors muscles and bones.

Question 15

Name two examples of fibrous/dense connective tissue

Answer 15

Tendons (anchors muscles) and ligaments (connects bones at joints)

Question 16

Composition and function of adipose tissue?

Answer 16

Lots of fat. Adipocytes store this fat.

Question 17

What goes on in bones?

Answer 17

Osteoblasts cells create collagen fibers, which are hardened by calcium, magnesium and phosphorus.

Question 18

Composition and function of cartilage tissue?

Answer 18

Chondrocytes in a rubbery matrix. Cushions bones. Gives ears and nose flexibility. NO BLOOD VESSELS

Question 19

Composition and function of loose connective tissue?

Answer 19

Fat cells, mast cells, macrophages, collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers. HOLD UP EPIDERMIS

Question 20

What are the three types of muscle tissue

Answer 20

1 Skeletal
2 Smooth
3 Cardiac

Question 21

Skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 21

Long, threadlike. VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

Question 22

Smooth muscle tissue

Answer 22

Short, tapered ends. INVOLUNTARY BODY ACTIVITIES

Question 23

Cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 23

short, branched. HEART CONTRACTIONS.

Question 24

What is homeostatic control?

Answer 24

Process of maintaining stability of the internal condition

Question 25

What is negative feedback? Give two examples?

Answer 25

Goes back against. Ex: glucose, thermoregulation

Question 26

What is positive feedback? Give two examples?

Answer 26

Keeps going until done. Amplification stimulus. Ex: childbirth, fever

Question 27

What is conduction?

Answer 27

Basic heat transfer across stationary medium

Question 28

What is convection?

Answer 28

Heat transfer by movement of a fluid

Question 29

Free vs forced convection?

Answer 29

Forced convection requires external force (ex: wind), free doesnt

Question 30

Heat

Answer 30

transfer of kinetic energy from one particle to another

Question 31

Radiation (physics)

Answer 31

Electromagnetic waves

Question 32

Homeotherm

Answer 32

Narrow range of tolerated temperature

Question 33

Poikilotherms

Answer 33

Wide range of tolerated temperature

Question 34

Endotherms

Answer 34

Internal source of heat

Question 35

Ectotherms

Answer 35

External source of heat

Question 36

BMR?

Answer 36

Basal metabolic rate. #of litres of o2 consumed per hour when the animal is at rest

Question 37

How to calculate BMR

Answer 37

body mass^(3/4)

Question 38

Who has bigger BMR: small or big animal?

Answer 38

SMALL ALL THE WAY. high surface area to volume ratio. lots of heat loss

Question 39

What is a spacial heterotherm?

Answer 39

Maintains different temperature throughout the body

Question 40

What is a relaxed endotherm?

Answer 40

Lower body temps during periods of low metabolic rate (torpor/hibernation)

Question 41

What is countercurrent exchange?

Answer 41

Transfer of heat between fluids moving in opposite directions

Question 42

What is thermogenesis?

Answer 42

Produce heat by moving/shivering muscles

Question 43

What is non-shivering thermogenesis

Answer 43

Brown adipose tissue produces protein (thermogenin) that maies mitochondria produce heat rather than ATP

Question 44

What is torpor?

Answer 44

State of decreased activity to save energy or avoid dangerous conditions

Question 45

What is hibernation?

Answer 45

Long-term torpor. Active every two weeks or so