Week 1: Ch 1 & 5- Intro & Inflammation Flashcards
1
Q
The definition of health includes:
A
physical, mental, & social well-being
2
Q
Disease is a deviation from:
A
the normal state of homeostasis
3
Q
Medical history includes:
A
current/prior illnesses
allergies
hospitalizations
treatment
therapy/drugs (presp/non-presc/herbals)
specific difficulties
4
Q
__________ is identification of a specific disease
A
diagnosis
5
Q
Tendencies that promote the development of a disease in an individual are called:
A
predisposing factors
6
Q
Pathogenesis is:
A
development of the disease
7
Q
Acute disease means:
A
develops quickly
marked signs
short term
8
Q
Chronic disease means:
A
often milder than acute
develops gradually
persists for long time
9
Q
Describe a latent state
A
no symptoms or evident clinical signs
10
Q
Describe manifestations
A
signs & symptoms of disease
11
Q
What is a syndrome?
A
collection of signs & symptoms
often affects more than 1 organ
12
Q
Remission means:
A
manifestations of the disease subside/ or absent
13
Q
A precipitating factor is:
A
a condition that triggers an acute episode`
14
Q
Define sequelae
A
unwanted outcomes of primary condition
15
Q
Define convalescence
A
period of recovery
16
Q
Prognosis is:
A
probability for recovery or for other outcome
17
Q
Rehabilitation is maximizing:
A
function of diseased tissues
18
Q
___________ is the science of identifying the causative factors & tracking pattern/disease occurence
A
Epidemiology
19
Q
_________ indicates the number of people with a disease within a group
A
morbidity
20
Q
________ indicates the number of deaths resulting from a particular disease within a group
A
Mortality
21
Q
Epidemic VS pandemic
A
Epidemic- high # of cases of infectious disease within a given area
pandemic- higher # cases in many regions
22
Q
__________ is the number of new cases in a given population within a specified time period
A
incidence
23
Q
_________ is the number of new and old or existing cases in a specific population within a specified time period
A
prevalence
24
Q
Communicable diseases are infections that can
A
spread from one person to another
25
Atrophy VS hypertrophy
Atrophy- decreased cell size > reduced tissue mass
Hypertrophy- increased cell size > enlarged tissue mass
26
Hyperplasia
Increased number of cells > enlarged tissue mass
27
Metaplasia
mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
28
Dysplasia
cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
29
Anaplasia
undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures
30
Neoplasia
"new growth" commonly called *tumor*
31
Apoptosis refers to programmed:
cell death
[normal body occurence]
32
Ischemia is
deficit of oxygen in the cells
33
Hypoxia is
reduced oxygen in tissues
34
Necrosis- a group of cells:
die
[liquefaction, coagulative, fat, caseous]
35
Infarction is an area of dead cells as a result of:
oxygen deprivation
36
Gangrene is an area of necrotic tissue that has been:
invaded by bacteria
37
Cell damage can occur for many different reasons, such as:
bacteria/viruses
abnormal metabolites- genetic disorders, inborn metabolism errors, altered metabolism
nutritional deficits
fluid/electrolyte imbalance
38
Describe the first line of defense
nonspecific
mechanical barrier
unbroken skin & mucous membranes
secretions- tears, gastric juices
39
Describe the 2nd line of defense
nonspecific
phagocytosis
inflammation
40
Describe the 3d line of defense
specific
production of specific antibodies or cell-mediated immunity
41
Generally, not all capillaries in a particular capillary bed are open; it depends on:
metabolic needs of the cells or need of removal or wastes
42
Movement of fluid, electrolytes, oxygen, and nutrients on the arterial end are based on:
net hydrostatic pressure
43
Venous end - __________ ___________ will facilitate movement of fluid, Co2, and other wastes
osmotic pressure
44
Disorders are named using the ending:
-itis
45
Arthritis means:
inflammation of a joint
46
Describe inflammation
protective mechanism
important basic pathophysio concept
normal defense mechanism
47
Causes of inflammation include:
direct physical damage (cut, sprain)
Caustic chemicals (acid, drain cleaner)
Ischemia or infarction
Allergic reaction
extreme hot or cold
foreign bodies (splinter, glass)
Infection
48
Name steps of inflammation
____________ to capillaries & tissue cells
Release of ____________ from injured cells
Bradykinin stimulates ______________________________
Pain causes _________________ release
Bradykinin & histamine cause capillary ___________
Break in skin allows bacteria to enter tissue
Neutrophils phagocytize _______________
Macrophages (mature monocytes) leave bloodstream and phagocytose ____________
Injury to capillaries & tissue cells
Release of bradykinin from injured cells
Bradykinin stimulates pain receptors
Pain causes histamine release
Bradykinin & histamine cause capillary dilation
Break in skin allows bacteria to enter tissue
Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria
Macrophages (mature monocytes) leave bloodstream and phagocytose microbes
49
Identify 5 steps of inflammatory response
[more general steps]
1- tissue damage carries ____________ into wound
2- wounded cells release chemicals that stimulate _
_____________
3- mast cells release ______________
4- histamine increases capillary blood flow and __________________
5- ____________ leave capillaries and ingest bacteria and dead cells
1- tissue damage carries bacteria into wound
2- wounded cells release chemicals that stimulate mast cells
3- mast cells release histamine
4- histamine increases capillary blood flow and permeability
5- phagocytes leave capillaries and ingest bacteria and dead cells
50
Tears are considered to be part of the:
which defenses? [2]
first line of defense.
nonspecific defenses.
51
A specific defense for the body is:
phagocytosis.
sensitized T lymphocytes.
the inflammatory response.
intact skin and mucous membranes.
sensitized T lymphocytes.
52
The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to:
any tissue injury.
53
Chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include:
pick one:
albumin and fibrinogen.
growth factors and cell enzymes.
macrophages and neutrophils.
histamine and prostaglandins.
histamine and prostaglandins.
54
Edema (swelling) associated with inflammation results directly from:
increased fluid and protein in the interstitial compartment.
55
The warmth and redness related to the inflammatory response results from:
increased blood flow into the damaged area.
56
Systemic effects of severe inflammation include:
fatigue, anorexia, and mild fever.
57
Patients taking glucocorticoids for long periods of time are likely to develop all of the following EXCEPT:
decreased bone density.
wasting of skeletal muscle.
opportunistic infections.
increased leukocyte production.
increased leukocyte production.
58
Which of the following drugs relieves fever and some types of pain but is NOT an anti-inflammatory agent?
Acetaminophen
Prednisone
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Acetaminophen
59
Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell injury?
Melanin
Lipids
Calcium
Water
Calcium
60
Cellular atrophy involves:
a decrease in cell size.
61
The _____________ response is the response to any cell or tissue injury by any agent
inflammatory
62
The signs of acute inflammation are :
redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and, frequently, loss of function.
63
With extensive inflammation, systemic signs may present, including :
mild fever, headache, fatigue, and leukocytosis
64
Chronic inflammation results in formation of:
fibrotic or scar tissue
65
Anti-inflammatory drugs include aspirin (ASA) and
the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which block __________ production at the site.
prostaglandin
66
Although nerve reflexes at the site of injury cause
immediate transient vasoconstriction, the rapid release of chemical mediators results in local vasodilation, which causes:
hyperemia - increased blood flow in the area.
67
Vasodilation and increased _____________ ______________ make up the vascular response to injury
capillary permeability
68
During the cellular response, leukocytes are attracted
by _____________ to the area of inflammation as damaged
cells release their contents.
chemotaxis
69
Pain associated with inflammation is due to Increased :
pressure of fluid on nerves; release of chemical mediators (e.g., bradykinins)
70
With inflammation, loss of function may develop if cells lack :
nutrients; edema may interfere with movement.
71
Exudate refers to a collection of ___________ _________ formed
in the inflamed area
interstitial fluid
72
Sanguinous = Contains blood from :
broken blood vessels
73
________ exudates = Watery, consists primarily of fluid, some
proteins, and white blood cells
Serous
74
___________ exudates = Thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content
Fibrinous
75
_________ exudates = Thick, yellow-green, contains more
leukocytes, cell debris, and microorganism
Purulent
76
Mild fever is AKA
pyrexia
77
Inflammation could lead to leukocytosis: increased WBC, especially
Neutrophils
78
An ________ is a localized pocket of purulent exudate
or pus in a solid tissue
abscess
79
_______1_______ may develop in an inflamed tissue because
microorganisms can more easily penetrate when the skin or mucosa is damaged and the blood supply is impaired.
Foreign bodies often introduce microbes directly into the tissue. Some microbes resist ________2________, and the inflammatory exudate itself provides an excellent medium for microorganisms to reproduce and colonize the inflamed area.
1- Infection
2- phagocytosis
80
__________________________________________________________________ may be initiated by inflammation resulting from injuries such as sprains, tendinitis, or fractures.
A spasm can force bones of a joint out of normal alignment, causing pressure on the nerves > pain.
Skeletal muscle spasms or strong muscle contractions
81
Describe chronic Inflammation
- Follows acute episode of inflammation
- Less swelling and exudate
- Presence of more lymphocytes, macrophages, and
fibroblasts
- Continued tissue destruction
- More fibrous scar tissue
- Granuloma may develop around foreign object
82
Describe the potential complication of deep ulcers from severe or prolonged inflammation
- Caused by-
- Can lead to complications such as -
- Extensive -
- Caused by cell necrosis and lack of cell regeneration that causes erosion of the tissue
- Can lead to complications such as perforation of viscera
- Extensive scar tissue formation
83
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of
Glucocorticoids
- Decreased capillary permeability
- Enhanced effectiveness of epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Reduced number of leukocytes and mast cells
- Reduces immune response
84
Adverse Effects of Glucocorticoids
- Atrophy of lymphoid tissue; reduced hemopoiesis>>>Increased risk of infection
- Catabolic effects >>> Increased tissue breakdown; decreased protein synthesis
- Delayed healing
- Delayed growth in children
- Retention of sodium and water because of aldosterone-like affect in the kidney
85
"RICE" therapy for injuries
stands for?
- Rest
- Ice
- Compression
- Elevation
86
Describe types of healing
- Resolution
- Regeneration
- Replacement
- Resolution - Minimal tissue damage
- Regeneration - Damaged tissue replaced with cells that are functional
- Replacement - Functional tissue replaced by scar tissue; Loss of function
87
3 basic steps of healing
1- injury & inflammation
2- Granulation tissue & epithelial growth
3- Scar remains
88
Describe complication that results from scar formation: loss of function
Result of loss of normal cells and specialized structures
Hair follicles
Nerves
Receptors
89
Describe complication that results from scar formation: contractures and obstructions
-Scar tissue is non-elastic.
- Can restrict range of movement
90
Describe complication that results from scar formation: adhesions
Bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated
91
Describe complication that results from scar formation: hypertrophic scar tissue
Overgrowth of fibrous tissue
Leads to hard ridges of scar tissue or keloid formation
92
Describe complication that results from scar formation: ulceration
Blood supply may be impaired around scar
-Results in further tissue breakdown and ulceration at future time
93
Name the types of burns
-Thermal—by flames or hot fluids
-Chemical
-Radiation
-Electricity
-Light
-Friction
94
Describe classification of burns
~Superficial partial-thickness (first-degree) burns
>Involve epidermis and part of dermis
>Little, if any, blister formation
~Deep partial-thickness (second-degree) burns
>Epidermis and part of dermis
>Blister formation
~Full-thickness (third- and fourth-degree) burns
>Destruction of all skin layers and often underlying tissues
95
Describe effects of a burn injury
- Both local and systemic
- Dehydration and edema
- Shock
- Respiratory problems
- Pain, Infection
- Increased metabolic needs for healing period
96
Describe healing process of burns
~____________ process
~immediate covering of a clean wound needed to prevent ____________.
~Hyper____________ occurs
~Scar tissue develops, even with skin grafting.
~Physiotherapy & occupational therapy may be necessary.
~Surgery may be necessary to release restrictive scar tissue.
~prolonged process
~immediate covering of a clean wound needed to prevent infection.
~Hypermetabolism occurs
~Scar tissue develops, even with skin grafting.
~Physiotherapy & occupational therapy may be necessary.
~Surgery may be necessary to release restrictive scar tissue.
