Week 5: Ch. 7- Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
Nonspecific VS specific body defenses
A
Nonspecific response (defense)
* Examples: phagocytosis, inflammation
Specific response (defense)
* Production of specific antibodies against foreign
substances
2
Q
Lymphoid structures include:
A
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Tonsils
- Intestinal lymphoid tissue
- Lymphatic circulation
3
Q
Immune cells (2) :
A
- Lymphocytes
- Macrophages
4
Q
Origination of all immune cells
A
bone marrow
5
Q
Self VS Nonself antigens
A
Self
* HLA proteins label cells of the individual.
* Immune system ignores self cells.
Non-self
* Immune system recognizes specific nonself antigens as foreign.
* Development of a specific response to that particular antigen
* Memory cells produced to respond quickly to antigen
6
Q
Cell surface antigens include
A
- Proteins
- Polysaccharides
- Glycoproteins
7
Q
Macrophages develop from :
A
monocytes
8
Q
Macrophages engulf :
A
foreign material
9
Q
Macrophages- Initiation of :
A
immune response
10
Q
Macrophages are part of the __________________________ system
A
mononuclear phagocytotic
11
Q
Macrophages display antigens of :
A
foreign material
12
Q
Macrophages secrete _________ like monokines, interleukins
A
chemicals
13
Q
T lymphocytes come from ______________ stem cells
A
bone marrow
14
Q
T lymphocytes are involved with _______ _________ immunity
A
Cell-mediated
15
Q
T lymphocytes [3 types:]
A
Cytotoxic T killer cells
Helper T cells
Memory T cells
16
Q
B lymphocytes: Responsible for production of -
A
antibodies
17
Q
B lymphocytes are involved with __________ immunity
A
Humoral
18
Q
B lymphocytes Mature in bone marrow
* Proceed to :
A
spleen and lymphoid tissue
19
Q
B lymphocytes
[2 types and functions]:
A
- Plasma cells- Produce antibodies
- B memory cells- quickly form clone of plasma cells
20
Q
2 TYPES OF IMMUNITY
A
- Humoral immunity: Antibodies are produced to protect the body.
- Cell-mediated immunity (CMI): Lymphocytes are
programmed to attack nonself cells to protect the body.
21
Q
The most common immunoglobulin in the blood:
A
IgG
22
Q
First immunoglobulin to increase in immune response:
A
IgM
23
Q
IgA
A
In secretions
* Tears
* Saliva and mucous membranes
* Colostrum
24
Q
IgE
A
- Allergic response
- Causes release of histamine and other chemicals
- Results in inflammation
25
IgD
Attached to B cells
Activates B cells
26
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
* Activated during immune reactions with IgG or IgM
* Group of inactive proteins circulating in blood
* C1 to C9
* Causes cell damage and further inflammation when activated
27
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS ARE Involved in :
inflammation and immune reactions
28
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS Examples:
histamine, interleukins
29
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS functions:
* Signaling
* Causing cellular damage
30
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS (4)
* Titer (titre): Measures levels of serum immunoglobulins
* Indirect Coombs’ test- Detects Rh blood incompatibility
* Elisa- Detects HIV antibodies; Used for a number of other diseases
* MHC typing- Tissue matching before transplantation procedures
31
Natural VS innate immunity
Natural immunity
* Species-specific
Innate immunity
* Gene-specific
* Related to ethnicity
32
Primary VS secondary response
Primary response
* First exposure to antigen
* 1 to 2 weeks before antibody titer reaches efficacy
Secondary response
* Repeat exposure to the same antigen
* More rapid response, with efficacy in 1 to 3 days
33
Active natural vs active artificial immunity
Active natural immunity
* Natural exposure to antigen
* Development of antibodies
Active artificial immunity
* Antigen purposefully introduced to body
* Stimulation of antibody production
* Immunization
* Booster immunization
34
Passive natural VS passive artificial immunity
Passive natural immunity
* IgG transferred from mother to fetus:
* Across placenta
* Through breast milk
* Protection of infant for the first few months of life or until weaned
Passive artificial immunity
* Injection of antibodies
* Short-term protection
35
Hyperacute rejection occurs:
TISSUE AND ORGAN
TRANSPLANT REJECTION
Immediately after transplantation
36
Acute rejection develops:
TISSUE AND ORGAN
TRANSPLANT REJECTION
after several weeks
37
Chronic, late rejection occurs:
TISSUE AND ORGAN
TRANSPLANT REJECTION
after months or years
38
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION is Reduction of immune response to prevent :
rejection
39
Commonly used drugs for immunosuppression:
Cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisone
40
Immunosuppression comes with a high risk for:
infection
~opportunistic organisms
41
Type I hypersensitivity— ________ reactions
allergic
42
Causative mechanism for type 1 hypersensitivity (allergic reactions):
* Exposure to _______________
* Development of _____
* __________ cells
* Exposure to allergen
* Development of IgEs
* Mast cells
43
Complication of allergic reaction:
* Anaphylaxis
44
4 types of allergic reactions:
Hay fever: allergic rhinitis>Nasal mucosa
Food allergies>Digestive tract mucosa
Atopic dermatitis/eczema>Skin
Asthma>Bronchial mucosa
45
ANAPHYLAXIS: ANAPHYLACTIC
SHOCK is severe & life threatening.
It can be caused by:
* Latex materials
* Insect stings
* Nuts or shellfish; various drugs
46
ANAPHYLAXIS: ANAPHYLACTIC
SHOCK- Decreased blood pressure caused by release of ____________
histamine
47
Signs and symptoms of ANAPHYLAXIS
* Generalized itching or tingling, especially in oral cavity
* Coughing
* Difficulty breathing
* Feeling of weakness
* Dizziness or fainting
* Sense of fear and panic
* Edema around eyes, lips, tongue, hands, feet
* Hives
* Collapse with loss of consciousness
48
TREATMENT FOR ANAPHYLAXIS
Requires first aid response:
* Administer EpiPen if available
* Call 911 (many paramedics can start drug treatment and oxygen)
Treatment in emergency department:
* Epinephrine
* Glucocorticoids
* Antihistamines
* Oxygen
* Stabilize BP
49
TYPE II: _____________ HYPERSENSITIVITY
CYTOTOXIC
50
TYPE II: CYTOTOXIC HYPERSENSITIVITY
example is response to _____________ blood transfusion
incompatible
51
TYPE II: CYTOTOXIC HYPERSENSITIVITY
Circulating _____ react with antigen
* Destruction by phagocytosis or cytolytic enzymes
IgGs
52
TYPE III: _______________________
HYPERSENSITIVITY
Examples?
IMMUNE COMPLEX
* Glomerulonephritis
* Rheumatoid arthritis
53
TYPE III: IMMUNE COMPLEX
HYPERSENSITIVITY
* Antigen combines with ________1________
* Forms immune complexes, deposited in tissue
* Activation of : ________2___________
1- antibody
2- complement system
54
TYPE III: IMMUNE COMPLEX
HYPERSENSITIVITY
* Process causes :
inflammation and tissue destruction
54
TYPE IV: ______________________ or ______________ HYPERSENSITIVITY
CELL-MEDIATED OR
DELAYED
55
TYPE IV: CELL-MEDIATED OR DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
* Delayed response by sensitized : ____1_________
* Release of : ____2_______
* Inflammatory response
* Destruction of the antigen
Examples:
* Tuberculin test
* Contact dermatitis
* Allergic skin rash
1- T lymphocytes
2- lymphokines
56
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
* Development of __________ against own cells or
tissues
antibodies
57
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS'
Disorder can affect single organs or tissues or can be :
generalized
58
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
examples
Hashimoto thyroiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, myasthenia gravis, scleroderma, pernicious anemia
59
________________ are antibodies formed against selfantigens—loss of self-tolerance.
Autoantibodies
60
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)
Describe
* Chronic inflammatory disease
* Affects a number of organ systems
* Characteristic :_________________________________
* Affects primarily ?
* Incidence is higher in African Americans, Asians,
Hispanics, Native Americans
* Large number of circulating _________________ [against DNA, platelets, erythrocytes]
* Formation of immune complexes; Deposited into tissues
* Inflammation and necrosis
* ____________ develops in many organs- [impairs blood supply to the tissues]
* Chronic inflammatory disease
* Affects a number of organ systems
* Characteristic facial rash—“butterfly rash”
* Affects primarily young women
* Incidence is higher in African Americans, Asians,
Hispanics, Native Americans
* Large number of circulating autoantibodies [against DNA, platelets, erythrocytes]
* Formation of immune complexes; Deposited into tissues
* Inflammation and necrosis
* Vasculitis develops in many organs- [impairs blood supply to the tissues]
61
Common signs of SLE
* Arthralgia, fatigue, malaise
* Cardiovascular problems
* Polyuria
62
Test for SLE
* Serum antibodies, LE cells, other blood work
63
SLE treatment
* Usually treated by a _________________________
* _______________________ (glucocorticoid)
* Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
* Usually treated by a rheumatologist
* Prednisone (glucocorticoid)
* Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
64
IMMUNODEFICIENCY
Partial or total loss of one or more immune system
components
65
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
chronic infectious disease caused by the
___________________________________________
* HIV destroys ____________________________—CD4 lymphocytes
* Loss of immune response
* Increased susceptibility to secondary infections
and cancer
* Prolonged latent period
* Development may be suppressed by ____________
chronic infectious disease caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
* HIV destroys helper T cells—CD4 lymphocytes
* Loss of immune response
* Increased susceptibility to secondary infections
and cancer
* Prolonged latent period
* Development may be suppressed by antivirals
66
* HIV-positive individual
* ________ is known to be in the body.
* No evidence of _______________________
* Virus is known to be in the body.
* No evidence of immunosuppression
67
First case of AIDS recognized in ______ ; HIV identified in 1984
1979
68
Titer (titre): Measures levels of ________________________
serum immunoglobulins
69
Indirect Coombs’ test- Detects Rh ___________________________
blood incompatibility
70
Elisa- Detects _________________; Used for a number of other diseases
HIV antibodies
71
MHC typing- Tissue matching before _________________________
transplantation procedures
