Week 1 - Fuels

Question 1

Describe conversion processes of carbohydrates

Answer 1

Glycogenolysis 糖原分解 - Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glycogbenesis 糖原生成 - Storing the glucose as glycogen, creation of glycogen

Gluconeogenesis 糖異生 - covert other carbohydrates source (e.g Lactate and glycerol) to glucose

Question 2

Describe conversion processes of fat

Answer 2

Lipolysis - breakdown of fat

Lipogenesis - to store FFA to triglycerides

Question 3

The role of protein as a fuel during exercise

Answer 3

Require a small amount of amino acid breakdown for energy production
- while in low carbohydrates condition

Question 4

Describe typical storage pattern of fuels in the body

Answer 4

• Glycogen (Glucose)
• Triglycerides (FFA)

Question 5

Describe and illustrate how the use of fuels changes during exercise of increasing intensity

Answer 5

• The % contribution towards energy production between fats and carbohydrates
• During rest and low intensities, there has a high relative (%) contribution to energy production.
• The continued decline of relative contribution from fat as exercise intensity continues to increase.
• As the exercise intensity increases, the relative contribution of fat tends to decrease

Question 6

Describe regulation of blood glucose levels during prolonged exercise

Answer 6

Insulin
1. As the primary hormone for glycogenesis and lipogenesis
(They being cut off during exercise)

2. While exercising, the plasma insulin levels decline, which promotes gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver
   - glucagon-insulin ratio **
3. Maintain a fairly steady blood glucose level that the muscle has increased intake of glucose from the blood.

Question 7

Describe regulation of blood glucose levels during prolonged exercise

Answer 7

Insulin

1. As the primary hormone for glycogenesis and lipogenesis
   (They being cut off during exercise)
2. While exercising, the plasma insulin levels decline, which promotes gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver
   - glucagon-insulin ratio **
3. Maintain a fairly steady blood glucose level that the muscle has increased intake of glucose from the blood.

Question 8

Describe regulation of lipolysis levels during prolonged moderate intensity exercise

Answer 8

Glucagon

Increased glucagon concentration during exercise, promotes an increase in blood glucose through liver activity
1. Glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen)
2. Gluconeogenesis ( Lactate, glycerol)

Question 9

Relative (%) contribution

Answer 9

• The % contribution towards energy production between fats and carbohydrates
• During rest and low intensities, there has a high relative (%) contribution to energy production.
• The continued decline of relative contribution from fat as exercise intensity continues to increase.
• As the exercise intensity increases, the relative contribution of fat tends to decrease

Question 10

Absolute rate (g/min) of contribution

Answer 10

As the exercise intensity increases, it also increases the overall body expenditure of carbohydrates and fats.

• Fat oxidation remains to continue to increase until 65% of VO2max
  A larger amount of carbohydrates metabolism occurs during the period

Overall energy expenditure DUE to the METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES

Question 11

Absolute rate (g/min) of contribution

Answer 11

As the exercise intensity increases, it also increases the overall body expenditure of carbohydrates and fats.

• Fat oxidation remains to increase until 65% of VO2max
  A larger amount of carbohydrates metabolism occurs during the period

Overall energy expenditure DUE to the METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES