Week 1 - Introduction to the Human Body

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

Sum of all chemical reactions, including catabolism and anabolism

Catabolism is the breakdown of substances, while anabolism is the building of complex substances.

Question 2

What are the six basic life processes?

Answer 2

• Metabolism
• Responsiveness
• Movement
• Growth
• Differentiation
• Reproduction

Question 3

What is the chemical level in the levels of structural organization?

Answer 3

Atoms (C, H, O, N, P, Ca, S) and molecules (DNA, glucose)

Question 4

What types of cells are included in the cellular level of organization?

Answer 4

• Muscle cells
• Nerve cells
• Epithelial cells

Question 5

What are the four types of tissue in the tissue level of organization?

Answer 5

• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscular
• Nervous

Question 6

What defines the organ level of organization?

Answer 6

Two or more tissue types forming structures with specific functions

Question 7

What is the system level in the levels of structural organization?

Answer 7

Related organs with a common function (11 systems total)

Question 8

What is the organismal level of organization?

Answer 8

Entire living individual, all parts functioning together

Question 9

What is the cranial cavity?

Answer 9

Contains the brain

Question 10

What is contained within the vertebral canal?

Answer 10

Spinal cord, continuous with cranial cavity

Question 11

What are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

What is it?

Answer 11

• Pericardial cavity - aroud heart
• Pleural cavities - around each lung
• Mediastinum - central regionn between lungs, containing heart, oesophagus, trachea, thymus

Chest area

Question 12

What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Answer 12

Diaphragm

Question 13

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

Answer 13

• Stomach
• Spleen
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Intestines

below the diaphragm

Question 14

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

Answer 14

• Bladder
• Some large intestine
• Reproductive organs

Question 15

What is the standard anatomical position?

Answer 15

Standing upright, facing forward, mouth closed, arms straight by hips, feet together and parallel

Question 16

Define ‘prone’ in anatomical terms.

Answer 16

Lying face down

Question 17

Define ‘supine’ in anatomical terms.

Answer 17

Lying face up

Question 18

What are the regional names of the body?

Answer 18

• Head - skull and face
• Neck - supports head and attaches to trunk
• Trunk - chest, abdomen, pelvis
• Upper limb - shoulder to hand
• Lower limb - buttock to foot

Question 19

What are the directional terms used in anatomy?

Answer 19

• Superior – toward the head, or the upper part of a structure
• Inferior – away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
• Anterior – nearer to or at the front of the body
• Posterior – nearer to or at the back of the body
• Medial – nearer to the midline
• Lateral – farther from the midline
• Ipsilateral – on the same side of the body as another structure
• Contralateral – on the opposite side of the body
• Proximal – nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk (nearer to the origin of the structure) (purely used for upper/lower limbs)
• Distal – farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk (purely used for upper/lower limbs)
• Superficial – towards or on the surface of the body
• Deep – away from the surface of the body

Question 20

What divides the body into right and left sides?

Answer 20

Sagittal plane

Question 21

What is the midsagittal plane?

Answer 21

Divides the body into equal right and left halves

Question 22

What does the frontal (coronal) plane divide?

Answer 22

Divides into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

Question 23

What does the transverse (horizontal) plane divide?

Answer 23

Divides into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)

Question 24

What is an oblique plane?

Answer 24

Any angle other than 90°, passes through body or organ

Question 25

What is homeostasis?

Answer 25

Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes

Question 26

What are the two types of body fluids?

Answer 26

* Intracellular fluid (ICF) * Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Question 27

What does the control system in homeostasis include?

Answer 27

* Nervous system (fast impulses) * Endocrine system (slower hormone release)

Question 28

What are the components of feedback systems?

Answer 28

* Receptor * Control centre * Effector

Question 29

What is negative feedback?

Answer 29

Reverses a change, e.g., blood pressure regulation

Question 30

What is positive feedback?

Answer 30

Reinforces a change until interrupted, e.g., childbirth contractions

Question 31

What causes homeostatic imbalance?

Answer 31

Environmental, genetic, and behavioural factors leading to disease

Question 32

What is responsiveness? | As a basic life process?

Answer 32

detecting and responding to changes

Question 33

What is movement? | as a basic life process?

Answer 33

motion of: body parts, organs, cells

Question 34

What is growth? | as a basic life process?

Answer 34

increase in size, increase in number of cells

Question 35

What is differentiation?

Answer 35

Cells develop from unspecialised to specialised

Question 36

What is reproduction? | As a basic life process?

Answer 36

formation of nnew cells for growth/repair or new individuals

Question 37

What are the levels of organisation of the human body?

Answer 37

1. chemical level 2. cellular level 3. tissue level 4. organ level 5. system level 6. organismal level

Question 38

What is connective tissue?

Answer 38

Connects, supports, protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.

Question 39

what is epethelial tissue?

Answer 39

covers surfaces, forms glands, lining

Question 40

what is muscular tissue?

Answer 40

conntracts for movemant, produces heat

Question 41

what is nervous tissue?

Answer 41

transmits signals

Question 42

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 42

divides body into right and left sides

Question 43

What is the parasagittal plane?

Answer 43

unequal right and left halves

Question 44

What is metabolism in terms of life processes?

Answer 44

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including catabolism (breaking down) and anabolism (building up).

Question 45

What does responsiveness mean in a biological context?

Answer 45

The body's ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment.

Question 46

Define movement as a life process.

Answer 46

Motion of the whole body, individual organs, cells, or structures within cells.

Question 47

What does growth refer to in living organisms?

Answer 47

An increase in body size due to cell growth and/or an increase in the number of cells.

Question 48

What is differentiation in the context of the body?

Answer 48

The process where unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function.

Question 49

What is reproduction in biology?

Answer 49

The formation of new cells (for growth, repair, or replacement) or a new individual.

Question 50

What are the levels of structural organisation in the human body?

Answer 50

Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, System level, Organism level.

Question 51

What are the major body cavities?

Answer 51

Dorsal cavity: cranial and vertebral cavities; Ventral cavity: thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Question 52

What subdivisions are found in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 52

Pleural cavities (lungs), Pericardial cavity (heart), Mediastinum (central region).

Question 53

What subdivisions are found in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 53

Abdominal cavity (stomach, liver, intestines, etc.), Pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs).

Question 54

What is the standard anatomical position?

Answer 54

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at the side with palms facing forward, feet flat and facing forward.

Question 55

Why is anatomical position important?

Answer 55

It provides a consistent frame of reference for describing body parts and locations.

Question 56

Define superior and inferior in anatomical terms.

Answer 56

Superior: Above or higher in position; Inferior: Below or lower in position.

Question 57

Define anterior and posterior.

Answer 57

Anterior (ventral): Front of the body; Posterior (dorsal): Back of the body.

Question 58

Define medial and lateral.

Answer 58

Medial: Toward the midline; Lateral: Away from the midline.

Question 59

Define proximal and distal.

Answer 59

Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment; Distal: Farther from the point of attachment.

Question 60

What are the main body planes?

Answer 60

Sagittal plane: Divides the body into left and right; Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides into front and back; Transverse (horizontal) plane: Divides into top and bottom.