Week 8 - The Respiratory System Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
What happens to thoracic volume during inspiration?
A
Increases
2
Q
What is the primary function of the conducting zone?
A
Conducts, filters, humidifies, and warms air
3
Q
What is the primary function of the respiratory zone?
A
Gas exchange between air and blood
4
Q
What is external respiration?
A
Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
5
Q
How does oxygen move during external respiration?
A
From alveoli to blood
6
Q
What structures are part of the conducting zone?
A
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, large & terminal bronchioles
7
Q
What is the function of surfactant?
A
Reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse
8
Q
What role does the nasal cavity play in the respiratory system?
A
Detects odours using olfactory receptors
9
Q
What happens to thoracic pressure during expiration?
A
Increases
10
Q
What determines gas movement across membranes?
A
Partial pressure gradients
11
Q
What structure produces sound for communication?
A
Larynx (vocal cords)
12
Q
What increases the rate of gas diffusion?
A
Higher gradient, larger surface area, thinner membrane, higher solubility
13
Q
How does the body respond to high blood CO₂?
A
Increases respiratory rate
14
Q
What are the three layers of the respiratory membrane?
A
Alveolar epithelium, fused basement membrane, capillary endothelium
15
Q
Where is the respiratory control center located?
A
Medulla oblongata
16
Q
Name three protective functions of the respiratory system.
A
Prevents dehydration, temperature changes, pathogen invasion
17
Q
What structures are part of the respiratory zone?
A
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli
18
Q
What is the function of the upper respiratory system?
A
Filters, warms, humidifies air; protects lower tract
19
Q
What is internal respiration?
A
Gas exchange between blood and tissues
20
Q
Which cells produce surfactant?
A
Type II alveolar cells
21
Q
What does Boyle’s Law state?
A
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
22
Q
What muscles are involved in quiet inspiration?
A
Diaphragm and external intercostals
23
Q
What are the components of the upper respiratory system?
A
Nose, nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx
24
Q
What are the components of the lower respiratory system?
A
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
25
What do central chemoreceptors detect?
Changes in CO₂ and pH in cerebrospinal fluid
26
What is the function of the lower respiratory system?
Conducts air to and from gas exchange surfaces
27
What are the components of the lower respiratory system?
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
28
What is the primary function of the conducting zone?
Conducts, filters, humidifies, and warms air
29
What is the role of Type I alveolar cells?
Form the thin epithelial lining of the alveoli for gas exchange
30
What increases the rate of gas diffusion?
Higher gradient, larger surface area, thinner membrane, higher solubility
31
What is partial pressure?
The pressure an individual gas exerts in a gas mixture
32
How does the body respond to high blood CO₂?
Increases respiratory rate
33
What structures are part of the conducting zone?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, large & terminal bronchioles
34
What happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?
It drops below atmospheric pressure
35
What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?
Changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH
36
What is the primary function of the respiratory zone?
Gas exchange between air and blood
37
What determines gas movement across membranes?
Partial pressure gradients
38
What structure produces sound for communication?
Larynx (vocal cords)
39
What is the function of surfactant?
Reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse
40
Why is maintaining homeostasis in blood gases important?
To ensure proper cellular respiration and pH balance
41
Why is the conducting zone not involved in gas exchange?
It is lined with thicker epithelium and lacks alveoli
42
What is the function of the lower respiratory system?
Conducts air to and from gas exchange surfaces
43
What role does the nasal cavity play in the respiratory system?
Detects odours using olfactory receptors
44
What structure separates the upper and lower respiratory tract?
The larynx
45
What is internal respiration?
Gas exchange between blood and tissues
46
What does Boyle’s Law state?
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
47
What do central chemoreceptors detect?
Changes in CO₂ and pH in cerebrospinal fluid
48
Where is the respiratory control center located?
Medulla oblongata
49
What is the function of the pleural membrane?
Facilitates ventilation and keeps alveoli open via surface tension
50
What happens to thoracic volume during inspiration?
Increases
51
Which lung has a cardiac notch?
The left lung
52
What structures are part of the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli
53
What is the function of the upper respiratory system?
Filters, warms, humidifies air; protects lower tract
54
Which cells produce surfactant?
Type II alveolar cells
55
What happens to alveolar pressure during expiration?
It rises above atmospheric pressure
56
What muscles are involved in quiet inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
57
What is external respiration?
Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
58
What types of cells line the conducting zone?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
59
What is the mucociliary escalator?
Mechanism that propels trapped particles out of airways using mucus and cilia
60
How does oxygen move during external respiration?
From alveoli to blood
61
What happens if surfactant is absent?
Alveoli may collapse due to increased surface tension
62
Name three protective functions of the respiratory system.
Prevents dehydration, temperature changes, pathogen invasion
63
What happens to thoracic pressure during expiration?
Increases
64
What are the components of the upper respiratory system?
Nose, nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx
65
Which zone contains respiratory bronchioles?
Respiratory zone
66
Why is gas exchange more efficient in alveoli?
They have a large surface area and thin membrane
67
What are the three layers of the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar epithelium, fused basement membrane, capillary endothelium
68
What is the function of the upper respiratory system?
Filters, warms, humidifies air; protects lower tract
69
Which lung has a cardiac notch?
The left lung
70
What are the three main components of the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar epithelium, fused basement membrane, capillary endothelium
71
What is external respiration?
Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
72
What is the primary function of the conducting zone?
Conducts, filters, humidifies, and warms air
73
What happens if surfactant is absent?
Alveoli may collapse due to increased surface tension
74
What is the role of Type I alveolar cells?
Form the thin epithelial lining of the alveoli for gas exchange
75
Which zone contains respiratory bronchioles?
Respiratory zone
76
What are the functional components of the mucociliary escalator?
Mucus, goblet cells, and cilia
77
Name three protective functions of the respiratory system.
Prevents dehydration, temperature changes, pathogen invasion
78
What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa layer?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
79
What is the mucociliary escalator?
Defense mechanism that propels mucus and trapped particles out of airways
80
What structures are part of the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli
81
How does the body respond to high blood CO₂?
Increases respiratory rate
82
Where does oxygenated blood from the lobules go?
Returns to the heart via pulmonary veins
83
What are the three layers of the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar epithelium, fused basement membrane, capillary endothelium
84
What is the apex of the lung?
Superior portion sitting above the clavicles
85
What is the function of pleural fluid?
Facilitates ventilation and keeps alveoli open
86
What type of connective tissue is found in the tracheal adventitia?
Loose connective tissue
87
What type of epithelium lines the respiratory zone?
Simple squamous epithelium
88
What increases the rate of gas diffusion?
Higher gradient, larger surface area, thinner membrane, higher solubility
89
How does oxygen move during external respiration?
From alveoli to blood
90
What is the primary function of alveoli?
Site of gas exchange
91
What supports the trachea structurally?
Thick 'C-shaped' semi-rigid cartilage rings
92
What structures are part of the conducting zone?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, large & terminal bronchioles
93
What is the mucociliary escalator?
Mechanism that propels trapped particles out of airways using mucus and cilia
94
What are the two layers of the pleural membrane?
Visceral pleura and parietal pleura
95
What muscles are involved in quiet inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
96
What is the function of elastic fibers in the respiratory membrane?
Provide structural support and flexibility
97
What is the primary function of the respiratory zone?
Gas exchange between air and blood
98
What are the components of the lower respiratory system?
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
99
What are the components of the upper respiratory system?
Nose, nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx
100
What type of epithelium is found in respiratory bronchioles?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
101
What does Boyle’s Law state?
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
102
What structure produces sound for communication?
Larynx (vocal cords)
103
What is the function of lobules in the lungs?
Contain alveolar sacs for gas exchange and increase surface area
104
What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?
Changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH
105
What types of cells line the conducting zone?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
106
What is internal respiration?
Gas exchange between blood and tissues
107
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Respiratory (lung) lobules
108
What structure separates the upper and lower respiratory tract?
The larynx
109
How are the cartilage structures in the bronchi described?
Islands or plates (not continuous rings)
110
What happens to the smooth muscle in the bronchi as you move distally?
Becomes less rigid and more incomplete
111
What is the function of surfactant?
Reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse
112
What determines gas movement across membranes?
Partial pressure gradients
113
Do alveoli have cartilage or submucosa?
No
114
What happens to thoracic volume during inspiration?
Increases
115
What is partial pressure?
The pressure an individual gas exerts in a gas mixture
116
What has been added to help with exam preparation?
A set of more advanced and detailed flashcards
117
What happens to alveolar pressure during expiration?
It rises above atmospheric pressure
118
What happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?
It drops below atmospheric pressure
119
Why is the conducting zone not involved in gas exchange?
It is lined with thicker epithelium and lacks alveoli
120
Why is maintaining homeostasis in blood gases important?
To ensure proper cellular respiration and pH balance
121
What glands are found in the submucosa?
Seromucous glands
122
What is the function of the lower respiratory system?
Conducts air to and from gas exchange surfaces
123
Where is the respiratory control center located?
Medulla oblongata
124
Which cells produce surfactant?
Type II alveolar cells
125
What type of cells line the alveoli?
Simple squamous epithelium
126
What happens to thoracic pressure during expiration?
Increases
127
What do central chemoreceptors detect?
Changes in CO₂ and pH in cerebrospinal fluid
128
What types of alveolar cells are found in the respiratory membrane?
Type I (gas exchange) and Type II (surfactant secreting)
129
Do bronchioles contain cartilage?
No
130
Which bronchus is more vertical and wider?
Right primary bronchus
131
What structures are found in the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli
132
What connective tissue layer binds airways to surrounding organs?
Adventitia
133
What can be done with the flashcards upon request?
Grouped by topic, exported as a printable file, or turned into a quiz format
134
What happens to goblet cells and cilia in smaller bronchioles?
They are reduced or absent
135
What role does the nasal cavity play in the respiratory system?
Detects odours using olfactory receptors
136
What is the function of the pleural membrane?
Facilitates ventilation and keeps alveoli open via surface tension
137
Why is gas exchange more efficient in alveoli?
They have a large surface area and thin membrane
138
What are the four layers of the airways?
Mucosa, Submucosa, Hyaline Cartilage, Adventitia
