Week 2 - Cells & Tissue

Question 1

What are the structural components that constitute our cells?

Answer 1

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

These components play essential roles in cell structure and function.

Question 2

What is the role of the plasma membrane?

Answer 2

Barrier, controls flow of substances, identifies the cell, participates in intercellular signaling

The plasma membrane is the cell’s flexible outer surface.

Question 3

What are the two components of the cytoplasm?

Answer 3

Cytosol, organelles

Cytoplasm is the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus.

Question 4

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 4

Houses most of a cell’s DNA, controls cellular structure and function

Chromosomes, which are hereditary units, are stored in the nucleus.

Question 5

What model describes the structure of the plasma membrane?

Answer 5

Fluid mosaic model, lipid bilayer

This model illustrates the dynamic arrangement of lipids and proteins in the membrane.

Question 6

What are the three types of lipid molecules in the lipid bilayer?

Answer 6

• Phospholipids
• Cholesterol
• Glycolipids

These lipids contribute to the structure and function of the plasma membrane.

Question 7

What are integral proteins?

Answer 7

Proteins that span the entire lipid bilayer

They protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid.

Question 8

What is the function of glycoproteins?

Answer 8

Proteins with carbohydrate groups attached that protrude into the extracellular fluid

They play roles in cell recognition and signaling.

Question 9

True or False: The plasma membrane is impermeable to all substances.

Answer 9

False

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass while blocking others.

Question 10

What is passive transport?

Answer 10

Movement of substances down their concentration or electrical gradient using kinetic energy. Simple Diffusionn, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis

It does not require cellular energy.

Question 11

What is osmosis?

Answer 11

Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from higher to lower water concentration

This process is a type of passive transport.

Question 12

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

Answer 12

Sites of protein synthesis (rRNA + protein)

Ribosomes consist of two subunits and contain a high amount of ribonucleic acid (rRNA).

Question 13

What are the two forms of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 13

• Rough ER - protein synthesis annd processing
• Smooth ER - lipid and steroid synthesis

Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface while Smooth ER does not.

Question 14

What do lysosomes contain?

Answer 14

Digestive and hydrolytic enzymes

These enzymes break down a variety of molecules after lysosomes fuse with vesicles formed during endocytosis.

Question 15

What is autophagy?

Answer 15

Process where an organelle to be digested is enclosed by a membrane to create an autophagosome

This process allows for the breakdown of cellular components.

Question 16

What is the role of mitochondria?

Answer 16

Generate most of the ATP through aerobic respiration

They are abundant in tissues with high energy demands like muscles and liver.

Question 17

Fill in the blank: The cytoskeleton is a network of _______ that extends throughout the cytosol.

Answer 17

protein filaments

The cytoskeleton provides structural support and facilitates movement.

Question 18

What are microvilli?

Answer 18

Nonmotile, microscopic fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane

They increase surface area for absorption.

Question 19

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Answer 19

Contain oxidases that degrade various organic substances

They are involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and detoxification.

Question 20

What is the function of transporters in membrane proteins?

Answer 20

Move specific substances across the membrane

They assist in the process of facilitated diffusion.

Question 21

What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Answer 21

Simple diffusion does not require proteins; facilitated diffusion does

Facilitated diffusion uses integral membrane proteins to assist the movement of substances.

Question 23

What are the three major structural components of a cell?

Answer 23

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

The plasma membrane separates internal/external environments, cytoplasm includes cytosol and organelles, and the nucleus is the control center containing DNA.

Question 24

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Answer 24

Selective permeability, cell communication, barrier

The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic model composed of a lipid bilayer.

Question 25

What components are found in the nucleus?

Answer 25

Chromatin, nucleoli, nuclear pores ## Footnote The nucleus controls cell activities and produces ribosomes.

Question 26

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

Answer 26

Site of protein synthesis ## Footnote Ribosomes are composed of rRNA and protein.

Question 27

What are the functions of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 27

Rough ER: Protein synthesis and processing; Smooth ER: Lipid and steroid synthesis ## Footnote The rough ER has ribosomes attached, while the smooth ER does not.

Question 28

What is the role of the Golgi complex?

Answer 28

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport ## Footnote The Golgi complex is essential for post-translational modification of proteins.

Question 29

What do lysosomes do?

Answer 29

Digestive enzymes for breaking down substances ## Footnote Lysosomes are involved in autophagy and autolysis.

Question 30

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 30

ATP production via aerobic respiration ## Footnote Mitochondria also play a role in apoptosis.

Question 31

What is passive transport?

Answer 31

Movement of substances without ATP ## Footnote Includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.

Question 32

What is active transport?

Answer 32

Movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requires ATP ## Footnote Active transport uses transport proteins or vesicles.

Question 33

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the outer boundary of the cell.

Answer 33

plasma membrane

Question 34

What are the types of epithelial tissue based on layers?

Answer 34

Simple, stratified, pseudostratified ## Footnote Simple epithelium is one layer for absoprtion/secretion; stratified is multiple layers protection; pseudostratified appears layered for not all cells reach apical surface.

Question 35

What shapes can epithelial cells take?

Answer 35

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional ## Footnote Squamous cells are flat: diffusion; cuboidal are cube-shaped: secretion/absorption; columnar are tall: absorption/secretion; transitional cells can change shape: strechable organs (bladder)

Question 36

What are the main types of connective tissue?

Answer 36

Proper (loose and dense), fluid, supporting ## Footnote Loose connective tissue includes areolar, adipose, and reticular; dense connective tissue includes regular (tendowns) and irregular (dermis); fluid - blood, lymph; supporting includes cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrous), bone

Question 37

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Answer 37

Support and bind tissues, protect organs, store fat, immunity, transport (blood) ## Footnote Connective tissue plays various roles in the body, including housing immune cells.

Question 38

What components make up the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

Answer 38

Ground substance, fibers ## Footnote Ground substance includes water and glycosaminoglycans; fibers include collagen (strong, flexible bone/tendon), elastic (stretch/recoil, skin/lungs), and reticular (framework for soft tissue liver/lympe).

Question 39

Fill in the blank: _______ are the cells that secrete fibers and ground substance in connective tissue.

Answer 39

Fibroblasts

Question 40

What type of epithelial tissue secretes hormones into the bloodstream?

Answer 40

Endocrine glands ## Footnote Endocrine glands are a type of glandular epithelium.

Question 41

What is the primary function of cilia and flagella?

Answer 41

Movement of fluids or cells ## Footnote Cilia and flagella are motile structures on the cell surface.

Question 42

What are peripheral proteiens?

Answer 42

support, enzymes

Question 43

What cells make up connective tissue?

Answer 43

fibroblasts - secrete fibres/ground substance macrophages - phagocytes plasma cells - antibody production mast cells - produce histamine adipocytes - store fat leukocytes - immune function