Week 1 Lec: Intro to Immunology Flashcards
1
Q
Can be defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.
A
Immunology
2
Q
A foreign substance that induces such an immune response is called an?
A
immunogen
3
Q
A foreign substance that induces such a host response is called an?
A
antigen
4
Q
the condition of being resistant to infection
A
immunity
5
Q
These are macromolecules that are capable of triggering an adaptive immune response.
A
Immunogen
6
Q
True or False: All antigens are immunogens.
A
False
7
Q
True or False: All immunogens are antigens.
A
True
8
Q
This practice of deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesions was known as?
A
variolation
9
Q
In 1700s, an English Doctor named ___________ discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox.
A
Edward Jenner
10
Q
This procedure of injecting cellular material became known as?
A
Vaccination
11
Q
The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent is known as?
A
Cross-Immunity
12
Q
In 1880-1881, A scientist named _______ works with the bacteria that caused chicken cholera.
A
Louis Pasteur
13
Q
In this type of vaccine, the pathogens are weakened/less virulent through aging, heating, and chemical means.
A
Attenuated vaccine
14
Q
In what ways do we weaken or make a pathogen less virulent?
A
- aging
- heating
- chemical means
15
Q
The word vaccination came from the Latin word vacca meaning?
A
cow
16
Q
When and who: Smallpox vaccination
A
1798, Jenner
17
Q
When and who: Phagocytosis
A
1862, Haeckel
18
Q
When and who: Live, attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccine
A
1880-1881, Pasteur
19
Q
When and who: Cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis
A
1883-1905, Metchnikoff
20
Q
When and who: Therapeutic vaccination (rabies)
A
1885, Pasteur
21
Q
When and who: Proposed Humoral theory of Immunity
A
1890, Von Behring and Kitasata
22
Q
When and who: Delayed type Immunity, hypersensitivity reaction (Type IV)
A
1891, Robert Koch
23
Q
When and who: Antibody formation theory, concept of immunoglobulins
A
1900, Paul Ehrlich
24
Q
When and who: Immediate-hypersensitivity anaphylaxis (anaphylactic/hyersensitivity reaction (Types I, II, III))
A
1902, Portier and Richet
25
When and who: Arthus Reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity (Type III hypersensitivity)
1903, Arthus
26
continuous production of soluble antigen which will attach to circulating antibodies, results in the production of immune complexes and will be deposited to tissues
Type III hypersensitivity
27
When and who: Hypothesis of antigen-antibody binding
1938, Marrack
28
When and who: Development of polio vaccine
1949, Salk and Sabin
29
When and who: Vaccine against yellow fever (antibody diversity)
1951, Reed
30
When and who: Clonal selection theory
1957, Burnet
31
When: HLA
1958-1962
32
HLA stands for?
Human leukocyte antigen
33
Other term for HLA?
MHC/Major Histocompatibility Complex
34
The HLA in humans is an important part of the immune system and is controlled by genes located on?
chromosome 6
35
When: T-cell and B-cell cooperation in immune response
1964-1968
36
T cells are differentiated at the?
thymus
37
B cells are differentiated at the?
bone marrow
38
What do you call the lymphocyte precursor of T cells which came from the bone marrow through the bloodstream?
thymocytes
39
The role of T cells is to produce _______ that contribute to immunity. These are chemical messengers that influence other activities of the cell.
cytokines
40
Specific type of polio vaccine Salk invented?
Inactivated dead viral vaccine (Intramuscular Polio Vaccine)
41
Specific type of polio vaccine Sabin invented?
Attenuated live vaccine (Oral Polio Vaccine)
42
B cells produce antibodies, assisting in killing tumor cells or infected target cells, and help regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response. This process is called?
Cell-mediated immunity
43
3 types of T cells according to function?
1. Regulatory
2. Helper
3. Cytotoxic/cytolytic
44
CD marker on the cell surface?
CD3
45
CD4 receptors are mainly?
helper or regulatory cells
46
CD8-positive (CD8+) population consists of?
cytotoxic T cells
47
The ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells is approximately _____ in peripheral blood.
2:1
48
When: Identification of antibody molecule
1972
49
When and who: First monoclonal antibodies
1975, Kohler
50
When: Identification of genes for T-cells receptor
1985-1987
51
When: Monoclonal Hepatitis B vaccine
1986
52
When and who: Th1 versus Th2 model of T helper cells function
1986, Mosmann
53
When: Identification of toll-like receptors
1996-1998
54
Toll-like receptors are a class of?
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
55
Highest concentration of toll-like receptors are found in?
monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages
56
They provide surveillance for pathogens.
toll-like receptors
57
When: FOXP3, the gene directing regulatory T cell development
2001
58
The gene directing regulatory T cell development is called?
FOXP3
59
When and who: Development of human Papilloma virus vaccine
2005, Frazer
60
Papilloma (human papillomavirus/HPV) is the causitive agent of?
cervical cancer
61
All those physiological mechanisms that endow the animal with the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissues.
Immunity
62
It is structured to recognize, respond to, and destroy a wide variety of invading organism that would otherwise be capable of promoting infections, harmful to the body.
immune system
63
2 Types of Immunity?
1. Natural Immunity
2. Acquired Immunity
64
Ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions.
Natural Immunity
65
Natural Immunity is also called?
Innate Immunity
66
A type of immunity that is non-specific, lacks memory, naturally-occuring, and with a standardized response to all pathogens.
Natural Immunity
67
Type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent.
Acquired Immunity
68
Acquired Immunity is also called?
Adaptive Immunity
69
Type of immunity that is specific and has a diverse response to all pathogens.
Acquired Immunity
70
2 defense systems under natural immunity?
1. External Defense System
2. Internal Defense System
71
composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body
External Defense System
72
Examples of External Defense System?
• Linings of the respiratory tract
• Skin and mucosal membrane surfaces
• Secretions
73
Sweat glands secrete?
lactic acid
74
Sebaceous glands secrete?
Fatty acid
75
Acidity of the stomach is due to?
HCl/hydrochloric acid, which can maintain the pH of the stomach as low as 1
76
A naturally-occuring enzyme found in tears and saliva.
Lysozyme
77
Designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organism.
Internal Defense System
78
The most important function in the Internal Defense System?
Phagocytosis
79
Engulfment of cells or particulate matter by neutrophils (PMNs), macrophages and other cells (esp. monocytes).
Phagocytosis
80
Examples of Internal Defense System?
• Inflammation and fever
• Natural anti-microbial substances
• Complement pathway→ esp. antibody dependent pathways
• Properdin
• Interferon
• TNF
• Beta-lysin
81
1st line of defense?
External Defense System
82
2nd line of defense?
Internal Defense System
83
3rd line of defense?
Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
84
Cellular Components of the Natural Immunity?
• Phagocytes
• Other WBCs (granulocytes)
• NK cells
• LAK cells
85
NK cells stands for?
Natural Killer cells
86
kills viruses and tumor cells prior to exposure
NK/Natural Killer cells
87
LAK cells stands for?
Lymphokine-activated Killer Cells
88
kills cancer/tumor cells
LAK cells (Lymphokine-activated Killer Cells)
89
It has been shown that lymphocytes, when exposed to _____________, are capable of lysing fresh, non-cultured cancer cells, both primary and metastatic.
Interleukin 2
90
It has been shown that ____________, when exposed to Interleukin 2, are capable of lysing fresh, non-cultured cancer cells, both primary and metastatic.
lymphocytes
91
It has been shown that lymphocytes, when exposed to Interleukin 2, are capable of lysing __________________, both primary and metastatic.
fresh, non-cultured cancer cells
92
Humoral Component of the Natural Immunity?
• Cytokines (IL, IFN, TNF, G-CSF, GM-CSF)
• Complement pathway
• Lysozymes
• Anti-microbial substances
• Beta-lysin
93
50-70% of circulating WBCs, dominant, has 3-5 lobes, involved in phagocytosis, releases granules, increased if there is a bacterial infection, and capable of diapedesis
Neutrophils
94
Primary granules of neutrophils contain?
- myeloperoxidase
- elastase
- proteinase 3
- lysozyme
- cathepsin G
- defensins
95
Secondary granules of neutrophils contain?
- collagenase
- lysozyme
- lactoferrin
- plasminogen activators
- ALP
- NADPH
96
Tertiary granules of neutrophils contain?
gelatinase and plasminogen activator
97
Margination occurs to allow neutrophils to move from the circulating blood to the tissues through a process known as _________, or movement through blood vessel walls.
diapedesis
98
These are chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction.
Chemotaxins
99
Another term for diapedesis?
Leukocyte extravasation
100
1-3% of circulating WBCs, increases in allergic reactions and parasitic diseases, reddish-orange granules, resembles ear muffs
Eosinophils
101
Primary granules of eosinophils contain?
- ACP
- arylsulfatase
102
Secondary granules of eosinophils contain?
- Major Basic Protein
- eosinophil cationic protein
- eosinophil peroxidase
- eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
- phospholipase
- histaminase
- minopeptidase
- ribonuclease
103
It is an immune mechanism through which Fc receptor-bearing effector cells can recognize and kill antibody-coated target cells expressing tumor- or pathogen-derived antigens on their surface.
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity/antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
104
less than 1% of circulating WBCs, bluish-purple granules, regulates some T cells, stimulates B cells to produce IgE antibody, has a shorter lifespan of only a few hours, involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Basophils
105
Bluish-purple granules of basophils contain?
- histamine
- eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
- heparin
106
When basophils are destroyed, who collects them and where?
by macrophages at the spleen
107
In eosinophils, what secondary granule is primarily involved in fighting parasitic infections?
major basic protein
108
When IgE atatches to the eosinophil, what secondary granule is released?
eosinophil cationic protein
109
These cells can be found on connective tissues and are larger and have a longer lifespan than basophils. Their nucleus is small and rounded.
Mast Cells
110
Life span of mast cells?
9-18 months
111
Granules of mast cells contain?
ACP, ALP, and protease
112
largest WBC, constitutes 4-10% of circulating WBCs, possess grayish-blue cytoplasm and is ground-glass in appearance, has a kidney bean shape/horseshoe shape appearance
Monocytes
113
Granules of monocytes contain?
peroxidase, ACP, arylsulfatase
114
Other type of granule of monocytes contains?
B-glucuronidase, lysozyme, and lipase
115
Lifespan of monocytes in the bloodstream?
70 hours
116
Larger version of monocytes on tissues.
Macrophages
117
In macrophages, there is increase in the number of?
ER, lysosomes, and mitochondria
118
Granules of macrophages contain ___________ at all compared with monocytes.
no peroxidase
119
Monocyte-macrophage system functions in?
microbial killing, tumoricidal activity, killing of intracellular parasites, phagocytosis, secretion of cell mediators, and antigen presentation
120
Function is to phagocytosed antigen and present it to T-helper cells.
Dendritic Cells
121
Most effective antigen-presenting and potent phagocytic cell in the tissues.
Dendritic Cells
122
The bone marrow have _________ that give rise to dendritic cells.
progenitors
123
Macrophages in the brain are called?
microglial cells
124
Macrophages in the liver are called?
Kupffer cells
125
Macrophages in the lungs are called?
alveolar macrophages
126
Macrophages in the bone are called?
osteoclasts
127
Macrophages in the connective tissue are called?
histiocytes
128
Protein discovered in the fruit fly “Drosophila"
PRR (Toll-like Receptors)
129
PRR (Toll-like Receptors) is a protein discovered in the fruit fly?
Drosophila
130
It plays an important role in antifungal immunity in the adult fly.
PRR (Toll-like Receptors)
131
An invariant recognition mechanism that detects specific and unique molecular patterns associated with pathogens and inflammation.
PRR (Toll-like Receptors)
132
they hydrolyze adenosine triphosphate and signals transduction
NBS-LRR Proteins (Nucleotide-Binding Site and Leucine Rich Repeat)
133
TLR 1 recognizes protein in?
mycobacteria
134
TLR 2 binds to?
peptidoglycan in gram positive bacteria
135
TLR 4 binds to?
lipopolysaccharide in gram negative bacteria
136
Engulfment of cells and particulate matter by leukocyte, macrophage and other cells.
Phagocytosis
137
A process wherein cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical substances.
Chemotaxis
138
Type of chemotaxis: Towards the stimulus
Positive chemotaxis
139
Type of chemotaxis: Away from the stimulus
Negative chemotaxis
140
Examples of negative chemotaxis?
C5a, C5b, C6, C7
141
Coating of antibody and/or complement to facilitate phagocytosis.
Opsonization
142
Examples of Opsonins?
C3b, C4b, C5b, fibronectin, leukotrienes, immunoglobulins
143
Steps in Phagocytosis?
1. Adhesion - Physical contact between the WBC and the foreign particle
2. Formation of phagosome
3. Fusion with cytoplasmic granule to form phagolysosome
4. Digestion and release of debris to the outside (exocytosis)
144
Types of Phagocytosis?
1. Direct
2. Indirect
145
Type of phagocytosis via opsonin receptors that recognize opsonins such as IgG, CRP and C3b bound to microorganisms.
Indirect
146
Type of phagocytosis via Pattern Recognition Receptors that recognize lipid and carbohydrate sequences on microorganisms.
Direct
147
Pathways of Killing Pathogens by Phagocytes?
Oxygen Dependent and Oxygen Independent
148
occurs when the cytoplasmic pseudopods enclose the particle within a vacuole
Respiratory Burst
149
Respiratory Burst is involved in?
Oxygen Dependent Pathway
150
Oxygen Dependent Pathway includes the use of what pathway?
Hexose monophosphate shunt
151
Production of nitric oxide from oxidation of L-arginine by NO synthase which is produced by IFN-gamma activated cells.
Oxygen Independent Pathway
152
Oxidation of ________ by ________ produces nitric oxide.
L-arginine by NO synthase
153
NO synthase is produced by?
IFN-gamma activated cells
154
is induced when the phagocytic cell comes in contact with a microorganism
Nitric oxide synthetase
155
is a soluble, highly labile, free radical gas that is capable of operating against organisms that invade the cytosol
Nitric oxide
156
In the presence of other reactive oxygen species within the phagosome, nitric oxide is converted to ___________ and other products, which are highly toxic to bacteria, yeast and viruses.
peroxynitrite
157
It donates electrons to oxygen.
NADPH
158
product of NADP which is super toxic and converts to more lethal substances
superoxide
159
It is the conversion of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide.
superoxide dismutase
160
It is an important bactericidal agent contained in lysosomes.
hydrogen peroxide
161
a green heme-containing peroxidase expressed mainly in neutrophils and to a lesser degree in monocytes
myeloperoxidase
162
The overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent.
Inflammation
163
Both ___________________ are involved in inflammation.
cellular and humoral mechanism
164
Tissue damage causes the release of _____ and _____ factors that trigger a local increase in _____ and _____.
vasoactive and chemotactic factors; blood flow and capillary permeability
165
________ allow the influx of fluids and cells.
Permeable capillaries
166
________ migrate to the site of the inflammation.
Phagocytes
167
_____ and _____ destroy pathogen.
phagocytes and anti-bacterial exudates
168
5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
1. rubor/redness
2. calor/heat
3. tumour/swelling
4. dolor/pain
5. functio laesa/loss of function
169
Acute phase reactants are produced primarily by ______ within ______?
hepatocytes within 12-24 hours
170
Acute phase reactants are produced primarily by hepatocytes within 12-24 hours in response to an increase in certain intracellular signaling polypeptides called _____.
cytokines
171
2 major types of acute phase reactants?
C-reactive protein (CRP) and Serum Amyloid A
172
Were originally named because they literally interfere with viral replication process in an infected cell.
Interferon (IFN)
173
Types of interferon?
Type 1 and Type 2 IFN
174
Type 1 IFN is also known as?
non-immune IFN
175
Why is type 1 IFN called non-immune IFN?
because they are produced primarily during the initial innate response to viral infection
176
IFN-α is primarily produced by?
Mononuclear Phagocytes by NK
177
IFN-β is primarily produced by?
Fibroblast
178
Type 2 IFN is also known as?
Immune IFN/gamma interferon
179
Why is type 2 IFN called immune IFN?
because it is primarily produced as a component of the specific immune response to viral and other pathogens
180
What type of T-helper cells produce Type 2 IFN?
T-helper type 1 cells
181
What type of T-helper cells produce IL-4, 5, and 10?
T-helper type 2 cells
182
Major mediator of the innate defense against gram negative bactreria.
TNF/Tumor Necrosis Factor
183
TNF can also directly trigger _______ of some tumor cells through a receptor-mediated mechanism.
apoptotic death
184
TNF is a pro-inflammatory agent together with?
IL-1, IL-6, IL-8
185
TNF induce secretion of?
APRs
186
TNF-α is also known as?
cachectin
187
TNF-α is produced by?
macrophages
188
TNF-β is also known as?
lymphotoxin
189
TNF-β is produced by?
CD4+ and CD8+ cells
190
____________ is a complex series of more than 30 soluble and cell-bound proteins that interact in a very specific way to enhance host defense mechanisms against foreign cells.
Complement
191
Complement Pathway is a heat-_____ substance.
Heat-labile substance
192
A termed "Complement” was given by?
Paul Ehrlich (1980’s)
193
In 1919, _______ was awarded a Noble Prize for elucidating the nature of complement.
Jules Bordet
194
Complement activation promotes?
* Activation of the immune system
* Opsonization (C3b, C4b, C5b)
* Eventually result in lysis of foreign cells and immune complexes
195
Chronic Activation of Complement leads to?
inflammation and tissue damage
196
Most plasma complement proteins are synthesized in the?
Liver
197
Complement proteins are released in inactive precursors called?
zymogens
198
The complement system can be activated in three different
ways?
1. Classical Pathway: Pillemer and colleagues discovered an antibody-independent pathway in the 1950s, and this plays a major role as a natural defense system
2. Alternative Pathway: “Properdin system”
3. Lectin Pathway: Its major constituent, mannose- (or mannan-) binding lectin (MBL)
199
Cellular components of Adaptive Immunity?
T cells and B cells
200
Humoral components of Adaptive Immunity?
lymphokines and antibodies
201
2 types of adaptive immunity?
Active and Passive
202
2 subtypes of Active Adaptive Immunity?
1. Natural Active
2. Artificial Active
203
2 subtypes of Passive Adaptive Immunity?
1. Natural Passive
2. Artificial Passive
204
What type of adaptive immunity: Your body produces its own antibodies.
Naturally-Acquired Active
205
What type of adaptive immunity: attenuated vaccines.
Artificially-Acquired Active
206
Example of attenuated vaccines?
BCG or bacillus Calmette-Guerin for tuberculosis (TB) disease
207
Since attenuated vaccines are not recommended for the immunocompromised and elderly, what type of vaccine is suitable for them?
Inactivated dead viral vaccines
208
Examples of inactivated dead viral vaccines?
Cholera and Typhoid Vaccine
209
Specific examples of typhoid vaccine?
1. Tetanus Toxoid - Tetanospamin - C. tetani
2. Diptheria Toxoid - Diptheria toxin - C. diptheriae
3. Botulinum Toxoid - Botulin - C. botulinum
210
What type of adaptive immunity: placental transfer of IgG from pregnant mom to fetus and nursing moms feeding breast milk with colostrum containing IgA and IgG.
Naturally-Acquired Passive
211
What type of adaptive immunity: administration of immunoglobulins such as anti-rabies.
Artificially-Acquired Passive
212
Hallmark features of innate immunity?
1. Mechanisms involved are non-specific
2. Mechanisms that pre-exist the invasion of foreign agents.
3. Components are pre-formed.
4. They are non-adaptive, have a standardized magnitude of response.
5. Lacks immunologic memory.
213
Hallmark features of adaptive immunity?
1. Reinforcement
2. Inducibility
3. Specificity
4. Diversity
5. Memory
6. Specialization
7. Self-Limitation
8. Discrimination
