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IMSE > Week 4 Lec: Cytokines > Flashcards

Week 4 Lec: Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

These are small soluble proteins that regulate the immune system, orchestrating both innate immunity and the adaptive response to infection.

A

Cytokines

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2
Q

These are chemical messengers involved in the regulation of other activities of the cell, and are so called signaling polypeptides.

A

Cytokines

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3
Q

Cytokines are induced in response to?

A

specific stimuli

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4
Q

Examples of specific stimuli.

A
  • bacterial lipopolysaccharides
  • flagellin
  • other bacterial products
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5
Q

Cytokines are induced in response to specific stimuli through?

A

the ligation of cell adhesion molecules or through the recognition of foreign antigens by host lymphocytes

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6
Q

The effects of cytokines in vivo include?

A
  • regulation of growth
  • differentiation
  • gene expression by many different cell types, including leukocytes
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7
Q

True or false: Individual cytokines do not act alone but in conjunction with many other cytokines that are induced during the process of immune activation.

A

True

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8
Q

The resulting network of cytokine expression regulates __________ and leads to the ___________________.

A

leukocyte activity; elimination of the infection

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9
Q

It means having many different effects.

A

pleiotropic

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10
Q

The pleiotropic (i.e., having many different effects) nature of cytokine activity relates to the widespread distribution of cytokine receptors on many cell types and the ability of cytokines to _____________________.

A

alter expression of numerous genes

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11
Q

This feature of cytokines means that they share the same receptor.

A

Redundancy

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12
Q

Massive uncontrolled overproduction and dysregulation of cytokines may lead to?

A
  • Shock
  • Multi-organ failure
  • Death
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13
Q

Event in which a cytokine fights another cytokine to stop its production.

A

Antagonistic effect

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14
Q

Event wherein various inflammatory cytokines are produced at a much higher rate than normal (overproduction and dysregulation of the cytokines)?

A

cytokine storm

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15
Q

Actions of cytokines affecting the same cell that secreted it.

A

Autocrine

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16
Q

Actions of cytokines affecting a target cell in close proximity.

A

Paracrine

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17
Q

Actions of cytokines wherein occasionally, they will also exert systemic activities.

A

Endocrine

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18
Q

single cytokine has many different actions

A

Pleiotropism

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19
Q

different cytokines often have very similar effects

A

Redundancy

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20
Q

cooperative effect of multiple cytokines

A

Synergy

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21
Q

inhibition of one cytokine effects by another cytokine

A

Antagonist

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22
Q

stimulate the release of other cytokines

A

Act in networks

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23
Q

modulate the number and composition of cells

A

Act as growth factors for hematopoietic cells

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24
Q

Different Types/Families Cytokines?

A
  • Tumor Necrosis factors (TNF)
  • Interferons (IFN)
  • Chemokines
  • Transforming Growth Factors (TGF)
  • Colony Stimulating factors (CSF)
  • Interleukins (IL)
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25
Q

Cytokines involved in the _______________ are responsible for many of the physical symptoms attributed to inflammation, such as fever, swelling, pain, and cellular infiltrates into damaged tissues.

A

innate immune response

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26
Q

Inflammatory agents involved in the innate immune response?

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α

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27
Q

The main function of the innate immune response is to?

A

recruit effector cells to the area

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28
Q

Cytokines involved in the innate immune response?

A
  • interleukin-1
  • tumor necrosis factor-alpha
  • interleukin-6
  • chemokines
  • transforming growth factor-beta
  • interferons-alpha and beta
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29
Q

Mediator of the innate immune response.

A

IL-1

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30
Q

Types of IL-1?

A
  • IL-1α
  • IL-1β
  • IL-1RA (IL-1 Receptor antagonist)
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31
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokines produce by monocytes and macrophage?

A
  • IL-1α
  • IL-1β
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32
Q

It is also produced by monocytes and macrophages. It acts as an antagonist to IL-1 by blocking the IL-1 receptor and limiting the availability of the receptor for IL-1.

A

IL-1RA (IL-1 Receptor antagonist)

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33
Q

This helps to regulate the physiological response to IL-1 and turn off the response when no longer needed.

A

IL-1RA (IL-1 Receptor antagonist)

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34
Q

Principal mediator of the acute inflammatory response to gram-negative bacteria and other infectious microbes.

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor

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35
Q

It stimulates gene transcription or induces apoptosis.

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor

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36
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor stimulates _________ or induces __________.

A

stimulates gene transcription or induces apoptosis

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37
Q

They were first isolated from tumor cells and were so named because they induced lysis in these cells.

A

TNF-α

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38
Q

The most prominent member of the TNF family.

A

TNF-α

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39
Q

TNF-α exists in both _____ and _____ forms.

A

membrane-bound and soluble forms

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40
Q

They exist in both membrane-bound and soluble forms.

A

TNF-α

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41
Q

TNF-α causes?

A

vasodilation and increased vasopermeability

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42
Q

They cause vasodilation and increased vasopermeability.

A

TNF-α

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43
Q

It is secreted by activated monocytes and macrophage.

A

TNF-α

44
Q

TNF-α is secreted by?

A

activated monocytes and macrophage

45
Q

It is a single protein produced by both lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell types.

A

IL-6

46
Q

It is part of the cytokine cascade released in response to lipopolysaccharide.

A

IL-6

47
Q

IL-6 is part of the cytokine cascade released in response to?

A

lipopolysaccharide

48
Q

It plays an important role in acute phase reactions and the adaptive immune response.

A

IL-6

49
Q

IL-6 is expressed by a variety of normal and transformed cells, including?

A

T cells, B cells, monocytes and macrophages, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, keratinocytes, astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and various tumor cells

50
Q

IL-1 primarily triggers its secretion

A

IL-6

51
Q

Which interleukin tiggers the secretion of IL-6?

A

IL-1

52
Q

Pleomorphic Activities of IL-6?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Acute phase reactions
  • Immunoglobulins synthesis
  • Activation states of B cells and T cells
  • Proliferation and differentiation of B cells into Plasma cells
53
Q

They are a family of cytokines that enhance motility and promote migration of many types of white blood cells toward the source of this cytokine.

A

Chemokine

54
Q

The chemokines are classified into four families based on the?

A

position of N-terminal cysteine residues

55
Q

Four families based on the position of N-terminal cysteine residues?

A
  • Alpha, or CXC, chemokine
  • Beta or CC, chemokines
  • C chemokines
  • CX3C
56
Q

Family of cytokine that contains a single amino acid between the first and second cysteines.

A

Alpha, or CXC, chemokine

57
Q

Family of cytokine that has adjacent cysteine residues.

A

Beta or CC, chemokines

58
Q

Family of cytokine that lacks one of the cysteines.

A

C chemokines

59
Q

Family of cytokine that has three amino acids between the cysteines.

A

CX3C

60
Q

It was originally characterized as a factor that induced growth arrest in tumor cells.

A

TGF- β

61
Q

TGF- β was originally characterized as a?

A

factor that induced growth arrest in tumor cells

62
Q

Later, TGF- β was identified as a factor that induces?

A

antiproliferative activity in a wide variety of cell types

63
Q

Were originally named because they literally interfere with viral replication process in an infected cell.

A

IFN-α and IFN-β

64
Q

Cytokines for immunoregulation?

A

IFN-α and IFN-β

65
Q

Type 1 IFN is also called?

A

non-immune IFN

66
Q

Why is Type 1 IFN also called non-immune IFN?

A

because they are produced primarily during initial innate response to viral infection

67
Q

Interferon primarily produced by mononuclear phagocytes.

A

IFN-α

68
Q

IFN-α is primarily produced by?

A

mononuclear phagocytes

69
Q

Interferon primarily produced by Fibroblast?

A

IFN-β

70
Q

IFN-β is primarily produced by?

A

Fibroblast

71
Q

It is also called leukocyte interferon.

A

IFN-α

72
Q

It is also called fibroblast interferon.

A

IFN-β

73
Q

Adaptive immune response are mainly secreted by ________ and affect T- and B-cell function more directly.

A

T cells, especially T helper (Th) cells

74
Q

Subclasses of T-helper cells?

A
  • Th1
  • Th2
  • T-reg
75
Q

Th1 cytokines?

A

IL-2, IFN-γ

76
Q

Th2 cytokines?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-10

77
Q

It regulates the activity of Th1 and Th2.

A

T-regulatory cells

78
Q

Dendritic cells in damaged tissues produce _____ in response to certain stimuli such as mycobacteria, intracellular bacteria, and viruses.

A

IL-12

79
Q

Dendritic cells capture antigen through?

A

phagocytosis and endocytosis

80
Q

Th1 cytokines are produced by?

A

macrophages and B cells

81
Q

Th1 cytokines have multiple effects on both?

A

T cells and natural killer (NK) cells

82
Q

This binds to its receptor on naïve T cells and causes the expression of a new set of genes, including those that determine maturation into the Th1 lineage.

A

IL-12

83
Q

Activation of Th1 cells induces high-level expression of?

A

IFN-ɣ

84
Q

These are produced mainly by Th1 cells.

A

IFN-ɣ

85
Q

IFN-ɣ stimulates?

A

antigen presentation by Class II MHC molecules

86
Q

This regulates all genes involved in the regulation and activation of CD4+ Th1 cells, CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, NK cells, bactericidal activities, IL-12R and IL-18R.

A

IFN-ɣ

87
Q

IFN-ɣ production can be stimulated in mature Th1 cells by two means?

A

(1) ligation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) by MHC-peptide antigen presentation
(2) cytokine stimulation by IL-12 and IL-18

88
Q

They act synergistically to stimulate IFN-ɣ production.

A

IL-12 and IL-18

89
Q

Also secreted by Th1 cells and known as the T-cell growth factor.

A

IL-2

90
Q

It drives the growth and differentiation of both T and B cells and induces lytic activity in NK cells.

A

IL-2

91
Q

IL-2 acts in synergy with ___ to promote growth of T-cytotoxic cells.

A

IL-12

92
Q

Th2 Cytokines?

A
  • IL-4
  • IL-5
  • IL-10
93
Q

It triggers activation, proliferation and differentiation of B-cells and also induces T-cell proliferation.

A

IL-4

94
Q

It is responsible in allergic reactions, parasitic infections and autoimmune diseases.

A

IL-4

95
Q

IL-4 increases expression of ____ on resting B cells.

A

MHC-II

96
Q

Inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by mononuclear phagocytes.

A

IL-10

97
Q

Inhibits the accessory functions of mononuclear phagocytes for T-cell activation.

A

IL-10

98
Q

It acts an antagonist to IFN- ɣ.

A

IL-10

99
Q

IL-10 acts an antagonist to?

A

IFN- ɣ

100
Q

Erythropoietin and Colony Stimulating Factors?

A
  • IL-3
  • EPO: Erythropoietin
  • TPO: Thrombopoietin
  • G-CSF: Granulocyte- colony stimulating factor
  • M-CSF: Megkaryocyte- colony stimulating factor
  • GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor
101
Q

A hormone residing in the kidneys that regulates RBC production. It is given to people with low hemoglobin, platelet, hemtocrit, and RBC.

A

EPO: Erythropoietin

102
Q

Normal serum values of EPO?

A

5-28 units/L

103
Q

A hormone for platelet production that resides in the liver.

A

TPO: Thrombopoietin

104
Q

CSF that becomes neutrophil and enhances the function of mature cells.

A

G-CSF: Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor

105
Q

CSF involved in platelet production and increases during phagocytosis and chemotaxis.

A

M-CSF: Megkaryocyte-colony stimulating factor

106
Q

CSF involved during differentiation towards other WBC types.

A

GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor

IMSE (9 decks)

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