Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biomed P2 > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a key advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

Variability

Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity among offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What process leads to genetic recombination?

A

Meiosis

Meiosis is essential for the formation of gametes and genetic variation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are gonads?

A

Primary sex organs

Gonads include ovaries in females and testes in males.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What structures are involved in the male reproductive system?

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus deferens
  • Urethra
  • Penis

These structures work together for sperm production and transportation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Sperm production and sex hormone secretion

Testes must be maintained at a temperature 3°C lower than body temperature for optimal sperm production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of the epididymis?

A

Storage and maturation of sperm

The epididymis is a 6-meter coiled duct where sperm undergo maturation over about 20 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the accessory reproductive organs?

A
  • Ducts for gamete transport
  • Glands for fluid secretion
  • External genitalia
  • Organs for embryo nurture
  • Organs for newborn nurture

These structures support reproductive functions and processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of seminal vesicles?

A

Produce 70% of semen volume

Seminal vesicles contribute essential fluids to semen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the prostate gland produce?

A

Approximately 30% of semen

Prostate fluid helps nourish and transport sperm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the purpose of the bulbourethral glands?

A
  • Produce thick clear mucus
  • Provide lubrication
  • Neutralize residual urine in the urethra

These glands help prepare the urethra for sperm passage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a dual-purpose duct for urinary and reproductive systems.

A

Urethra

The urethra serves both urinary and reproductive functions in males.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the volume of ejaculate?

A

2-5 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the main components of ejaculate?

A
  • Sperm
  • Seminal fluid
  • Clotting factors
  • Enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the ‘sperm factories’ located in the testis?

A

Seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What cells in the testis produce androgens?

A

Leydig cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What hormone is primarily produced by Leydig cells?

A

Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does ‘2n’ indicate in terms of cell ploidy?

A

Diploid cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does ‘n’ indicate in terms of cell ploidy?

A

Haploid cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many chromosomes are present in a diploid cell?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many chromosomes are present in a haploid cell?

A

23 individual chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the three main regions of a sperm structure?

A
  • Head
  • Mid piece
  • Tail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is contained in the head of a sperm?

A
  • Genetic material
  • Acrosome contains enzymes required for penetration of oocyte
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the mid piece of a sperm?

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the tail of a sperm provide?

A

Motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the volume of ejaculate?
2-5 mL
26
What are the main components of ejaculate?
* Sperm * Seminal fluid * Clotting factors * Enzymes
27
What are the 'sperm factories' located in the testis?
Seminiferous tubules
28
What cells in the testis produce androgens?
Leydig cells
29
What hormone is primarily produced by Leydig cells?
Testosterone
30
What does '2n' indicate in terms of cell ploidy?
Diploid cell
31
What does 'n' indicate in terms of cell ploidy?
Haploid cell
32
How many chromosomes are present in a diploid cell?
23 pairs of chromosomes
33
How many chromosomes are present in a haploid cell?
23 individual chromosomes
34
What are the three main regions of a sperm structure?
* Head * Mid piece * Tail
35
What is contained in the head of a sperm?
* Genetic material * Acrosome contains enzymes required for penetration of oocyte
36
What is the function of the mid piece of a sperm?
Mitochondria
37
What does the tail of a sperm provide?
Motility
38
What is the primary function of the ovaries?
Store eggs, ovulate one egg per cycle, produce sex hormones ## Footnote Ovaries are essential for female reproductive health and hormone regulation.
39
What are the oviducts also known as?
Uterine or fallopian tubes ## Footnote They play a critical role in receiving the ovulated egg and are the site of fertilization.
40
What is the main role of the uterus?
Site of embryo implantation ## Footnote The cervix projects into the vagina, serving as a passage for sperm and menstrual flow.
41
What is oogenesis?
The process of female gamete production ## Footnote It differs from spermatogenesis, as it produces only one viable gamete.
42
How many viable gametes are produced during oogenesis compared to spermatogenesis?
One viable gamete in females, four in males ## Footnote This highlights a significant difference in gamete production between genders.
43
What remains in the oocyte during oogenesis?
Most cytoplasm ## Footnote The polar body contains a haploid set of chromosomes and minimal cytoplasm.
44
What are the three layers of the uterus?
* Perimetrium or serosa * Myometrium * Endometrium ## Footnote Each layer has distinct structural and functional roles in the reproductive process.
45
What type of tissue makes up the perimetrium?
Simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue ## Footnote This outer layer provides protection and support to the uterus.
46
What is the myometrium composed of?
Longitudinal, circular, and oblique layers of smooth muscle ## Footnote It constitutes about 90% of the uterine mass, facilitating contractions.
47
What are the two layers of the endometrium?
* Stratum functionalis * Stratum basalis ## Footnote The functional layer changes during the menstrual cycle while the basal layer remains permanent.
48
What happens to the stratum functionalis during the menstrual cycle?
Thickness changes ## Footnote It is shed during menstruation and rebuilt after each cycle.
49
What is the role of the stratum basalis?
Permanent layer that gives rise to new stratum functionalis after each menstruation ## Footnote It is crucial for the regeneration of the functional layer.
50
What is the endometrial thickness during menstruation?
2-4MM ## Footnote This thickness is characteristic of the menstrual phase in the menstrual cycle.
51
What is the endometrial thickness one week after menstruation?
5-7MM ## Footnote This reflects the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle.
52
What is the maximum endometrial thickness reached three weeks after menstruation?
Up to 16MM ## Footnote This thickness is typically observed during the secretory phase.
53
What causes variation in endometrial thickness?
Changes in stratum functionalis ## Footnote The stratum functionalis is the functional layer of the endometrium that undergoes cyclical changes.
54
How many lobes are present in mammary glands?
15-20 lobes ## Footnote These lobes are surrounded by connective tissue and fat.
55
What are lobules in the context of mammary glands?
Smaller units within lobes ## Footnote Lobules consist of compound alveolar glands that produce milk.
56
What is the function of lactiferous ducts?
Pass milk into the nipple ## Footnote These ducts are essential for the delivery of milk during lactation.
57
What is the lactiferous sinus?
Dilated region of lactiferous ducts ## Footnote It accumulates milk during nursing.
58
How many rounds of cell division occur in meiosis?
Two rounds of cell division ## Footnote Meiosis is essential for the production of gametes.
59
What is the significance of hormones in reproduction?
Hormones are responsible for the development of sex-specific traits and characteristics.
60
What are the primary sex organs developed during embryonic and fetal development?
Primary sex organs are developed during embryonic and fetal development.
61
What are secondary sex characteristics and when do they develop?
Secondary sex characteristics develop at puberty.
62
Where are major sex hormones secreted from?
Major sex hormones are secreted by the gonads.
63
Name two types of androgens.
* Testosterone * Dihydrotestosterone
64
What are the main types of estrogens?
* Estradiol * Estrone * Estriol
65
What is the role of progesterone in reproductive physiology?
Progesterone is involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
66
How are sex hormones regulated?
Sex hormones are controlled via the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
67
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis also known as?
HPO axis
68
What hormone does the hypothalamus secrete to regulate sex hormones?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
69
What are the key gonadotropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?
* FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) * LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
70
What are the functions of FSH in females?
* Growth of ovarian follicles * Ovulation * Menstruation
71
What are the functions of FSH in males?
* Promotes development of secondary spermatocytes from primary spermatocytes * Increases androgen binding protein for binding of androgens
72
What are the functions of LH in females?
* Promotes follicle maturation * Surge in mid-cycle helps ovulation * Production by corpus luteum promotes maturation of the endometrium for implantation
73
What is the primary function of LH in males?
Stimulates testosterone production.
74
What does the hypothalamus secrete to regulate male reproductive function?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) ## Footnote GnRH stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH.
75
What hormones are stimulated by GnRH in males?
* FSH * LH ## Footnote FSH stimulates spermatogenesis, while LH stimulates testosterone secretion.
76
What is the role of FSH in male reproductive function?
Stimulates spermatogenesis via secretion of androgen binding protein (ABP) ## Footnote ABP helps in the transport and concentration of testosterone.
77
What does LH stimulate in male reproductive function?
Testosterone secretion from interstitial cells ## Footnote Interstitial cells are also known as Leydig cells.
78
What are the two distinct cycles controlled in female reproductive function?
* Ovarian cycle * Uterine cycle ## Footnote The ovarian cycle produces one ovulated oocyte per cycle, while the uterine cycle prepares the uterus for implantation.
79
What stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH in females?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) ## Footnote GnRH is crucial for the regulation of the menstrual cycle.
80
What is the primary action of FSH in the ovarian cycle?
Acts on growing follicles and stimulates estrogen secretion ## Footnote Estrogen is vital for the development of oocytes and the regulation of the menstrual cycle.
81
How does LH affect estrogen concentration in females?
Increases estrogen concentration via conversion of androgens ## Footnote This process occurs in the ovaries.
82
What happens to the dominant follicle during the ovarian cycle?
Continues development for ovulation ## Footnote Negative feedback from estrogen reduces the development of other follicles.
83
What marks the beginning of the menstrual phase in the ovarian cycle?
First day of menstruation ## Footnote This phase is characterized by the shedding of the stratum functionalis.
84
What role does FSH play during the menstrual phase?
Promotes primordial follicles to develop into primary and then secondary follicles ## Footnote This growth is essential for future ovulation.
85
What occurs to the stratum functionalis during the menstrual phase?
It is shed due to low concentrations of progesterone and estrogens ## Footnote This shedding leads to menstrual bleeding.
86
What causes an increase in prostaglandins during the menstrual phase?
Low concentrations of progesterone and estrogens ## Footnote Prostaglandins cause constriction of blood flow to uterine arterioles.
87
What is the duration of the preovulatory (proliferative) phase?
6 - 13 days
88
What happens to secondary ovarian follicles during the preovulatory phase?
Some continue to grow and secrete oestrogens
89
What occurs to the dominant follicle during the preovulatory phase?
It becomes the mature or Graafian follicle, around 20mm in diameter
90
What is the effect of the dominant follicle on other follicles?
Oestrogen concentration decreases, reducing activation of other follicles
91
What triggers ovulation?
High oestrogen secretion causes the secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
92
What happens to the mature follicle during ovulation?
It ruptures and releases the secondary oocyte
93
Where does the secondary oocyte go after ovulation?
It enters the uterine tube
94
What does the corpus luteum secrete during the secretory phase?
Large concentrations of progesterone
95
What happens to oestrogen concentrations during the secretory phase?
They drop
96
What happens to FSH and LH concentrations during the secretory phase?
They reduce
97
What are the hormone levels during the menstrual phase?
Oestrogen and progesterone are at their lowest levels
98
What occurs in the uterus during the menstrual phase?
Stratum functionalis sheds
99
What happens to FSH and LH concentrations during the menstrual phase?
They begin to rise
100
What triggers the proliferation of the functional layer in the proliferative phase?
Increasing oestrogen levels
101
What changes occur in the endometrium during the proliferative phase?
Increased synthesis of progesterone receptors and enlargement of glands
102
What happens to spiral arteries during the proliferative phase?
They increase in number
103
What prompts further development of the endometrium during the secretary phase?
Progesterone levels ## Footnote Progesterone is crucial for maintaining the uterine lining for potential implantation.
104
What are the three key processes prompted by progesterone during the secretary phase?
* Further development of endometrium * Glandular secretion of glycogen * Formation of the cervical mucus plug ## Footnote These processes support implantation and nourishment of a potential embryo.
105
What are oogonia?
Stem cells that divide by mitosis before birth to form primary oocytes ## Footnote Oogonia are the precursors to oocytes in female reproductive development.
106
What stage do primary oocytes enter before birth?
Meiosis, but are arrested in prophase I ## Footnote This arrest lasts until puberty when further development resumes.
107
What happens to the first meiotic division of oocytes?
It is unequal, producing a very small first polar body ## Footnote The first polar body does not participate in further development.
108
At what stage are oocytes arrested before birth?
Prophase I of meiosis ## Footnote This arrest ensures that oocytes are not fully developed until ovulation occurs.
109
When is the first meiotic division completed?
After puberty ## Footnote This completion occurs during the menstrual cycle.
110
When is the second meiotic division completed?
Only if fertilization occurs ## Footnote This division is critical for the maturation of the oocyte into a viable egg.
111
What is the outcome of the second meiotic division?
It is also unequal, producing a small second polar body ## Footnote Similar to the first polar body, the second polar body does not contribute to development.
112
What must sperm do after entering the uterus?
Undergo capacitation ## Footnote Capacitation prepares sperm for successful fertilization of the oocyte.
113
What changes occur during capacitation of sperm?
* Sperm flagella beat more vigorously * Cell membrane prepares for contact with secondary oocyte ## Footnote These changes enhance the sperm's ability to fertilize the egg.
114
What barriers must sperm penetrate to fertilize an egg?
* Corona radiata * Zona pellucida ## Footnote These layers protect the oocyte and must be breached for fertilization to occur.
115
True or False: The first polar body plays a role in subsequent development.
False ## Footnote The first polar body is a byproduct of meiosis and does not contribute to embryo formation.
116
What is the role of sperm acrosomal enzymes?
Digest an area of the zona pellucida ## Footnote The zona pellucida is the protective glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte.
117
What happens after sperm entry into the oocyte?
The secondary oocyte completes meiosis ## Footnote This process results in the formation of a mature ovum.
118
What are male and female pronuclei formed from?
The nuclei of the sperm and secondary oocyte ## Footnote These pronuclei contain the genetic material from both parents.
119
What is syngamy?
The fusion of pronuclei to form a single nucleus ## Footnote This results in the formation of a diploid zygote.
120
What is cleavage in the context of pre-implantation development?
Rapid post-fertilisation cell division ## Footnote This process begins shortly after fertilization.
121
When does the first division of the zygote occur?
After 24 hours ## Footnote This marks the beginning of the cleavage stage.
122
What are the cells produced during cleavage called?
Blastomeres ## Footnote These cells are the result of the division of the zygote.
123
What is formed by days 3-4 of development?
The Morula ## Footnote The morula is a solid ball of cells resulting from cleavage.
124
What enters the morula from the endometrium?
Uterine milk ## Footnote Uterine milk provides nutrients to the developing embryo.
125
What forms in the center of the morula by day 10?
The blastocyst ## Footnote The blastocyst is a hollow structure that will implant into the uterine wall.
126
What are the two distinct regions of the blastocyst?
* Inner cell mass (embryoblast) * Outer cell ring (trophoblast) ## Footnote The inner cell mass will develop into the embryo, while the trophoblast will contribute to the placenta.
127
When does the blastocyst attach to the uterine wall?
Around 6 days post-fertilization ## Footnote This is known as the implantation stage.
128
What happens to the endometrium after implantation?
It is known as the decidua ## Footnote This change supports the developing embryo.
129
What increases as the blastocyst attaches firmly to the endometrium at 7 days?
Endometrial vascularization ## Footnote This increase in blood vessels supports the nutrient and gas exchange for the embryo.
130
What does the blastocyst secrete to aid in implantation?
Enzymes ## Footnote These enzymes allow the blastocyst to invade the endometrium.
131
What surrounds the developing embryo and provides nutrients?
Decidua basalis ## Footnote It will form the Maternal placenta.
132
What are the two layers formed by the cells of the embryoblast?
* Hypoblast * Epiblast ## Footnote Collectively known as the bilaminar embryonic disk.
133
What cavity forms in the epiblast?
Amniotic cavity ## Footnote It eventually surrounds the whole embryo.
134
What does the yolk sac supply until the placenta is formed?
Nutrients ## Footnote It is also an early source of blood cells and eventually forms gametes and part of the gut.
135
What forms around the outside of the embryo?
Chorion ## Footnote Later forms the embryonic part of the placenta.
136
The bilaminar disk becomes what type of disk in the third week?
Trilaminar disk of primary germ layers ## Footnote This includes endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
137
What does the endoderm develop into?
Epithelial lining of GI tract, respiratory tract, and other organs ## Footnote It is one of the three primary germ layers.
138
What does the mesoderm develop into?
Muscles, bones, and other connective tissues ## Footnote It is one of the three primary germ layers.
139
What does the ectoderm develop into?
Epidermis and nervous system ## Footnote It is one of the three primary germ layers.
140
What is the function of chorionic villi in the placenta?
They permit the transfer of nutrients, waste, and respiratory gases between maternal blood and embryonic blood ## Footnote Chorionic villi are finger-like projections from the chorion that extend into maternal lacunae.
141
What occurs during the first trimester of prenatal development?
Conception to 12 weeks, embryological to early fetal development, rudiments of major organ systems appear ## Footnote This phase is critical for the initial formation of the embryo.
142
What are the key developments during the second trimester?
12 to 24 weeks, nearly complete development of organ systems ## Footnote This phase focuses on refining and completing the development of organs.
143
What significant growth occurs during the third trimester?
Rapid fetal growth, most organ systems become fully functional, deposition of adipose tissue ## Footnote This stage prepares the fetus for life outside the womb.
144
What is organogenesis?
The process of organ development during embryonic development from weeks 3 to 8 ## Footnote Weeks 4 to 8 are particularly crucial for the development of main organs.
145
What happens to the embryo starting from week 4?
The embryo becomes 3D, undergoes rapid growth, extensive vascularization, and neural tube development ## Footnote These changes are essential for the proper formation of the embryo.
146
Fill in the blank: Maternal blood vessels are broken down, creating blood-filled spaces called _______.
lacunae
147
True or False: The chorionic villi are connected to the embryonic heart via umbilical blood vessels.
True
148
What is the duration of the first trimester in prenatal development?
Conception to 12 weeks
149
What is the time frame for the second trimester?
12 to 24 weeks
150
What are the three integrated trimesters of prenatal development?
* First Trimester * Second Trimester * Third Trimester ## Footnote Each trimester has distinct developmental milestones and focuses.
151
What is the initial shape of the embryo?
Flat plate ## Footnote The embryo undergoes folding to form a tube at both ends.
152
What is formed from endodermal folding during embryonic development?
Primitive gut ## Footnote It forms the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract.
153
At what week of gestation are all organ systems recognizable?
Week 8 ## Footnote This marks a significant milestone in embryonic development.
154
Which hormone levels are maintained by hCG during the first trimester of pregnancy?
Estrogen and progesterone ## Footnote These hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum.
155
How long do hCG levels last during early pregnancy?
3-4 months ## Footnote After this period, the placenta takes over hormone production.
156
When do estrogen and progesterone start being produced by the placenta?
After 3-4 months of pregnancy ## Footnote This transition is crucial for maintaining pregnancy.
157
What happens to hCG concentration during pregnancy?
Peaks at quiescence ## Footnote It is present in maternal urine and used in home pregnancy tests.
158
What triggers the initiation of labor?
Rising estrogen levels ## Footnote This occurs in the final weeks of pregnancy due to placental cortisol secretion.
159
What effect does rising estrogen have on progesterone?
Reduces the effects of progesterone ## Footnote This change helps prepare the body for labor.
160
What increases in response to rising estrogen levels before labor?
Oxytocin receptors ## Footnote This prepares the uterus for contractions during labor.
161
What is the fetus totally dependent on during gestation?
The mother ## Footnote This includes delivery of oxygen and nutrients, removal of wastes, and exchange of some antibodies.
162
What happens to the fetal lungs during gestation?
They are either compressed or contain amniotic fluid ## Footnote This influences the development of the respiratory system.
163
When does surfactant production begin in the fetus?
Between 6-7 months ## Footnote Surfactant is crucial for lung function at birth.
164
What triggers the respiratory muscles at birth?
Rising CO2 levels ## Footnote This activates the respiratory center in the CNS.
165
What occurs during the first breaths of a newborn?
Large initial inspiration inflates lungs ## Footnote This is followed by a rapid breathing rate.
166
What closes at birth to stop blood passage between atria?
Foramen ovale ## Footnote This ensures proper circulation post-birth.
167
What does the ductus arteriosus become after it closes?
Ligamentum arteriosum ## Footnote This change prevents blood flow from bypassing the lungs.
168
How long may it take for the ductus arteriosus to close?
Up to 3 months ## Footnote This is part of normal cardiovascular adjustment after birth.
169
What happens to fetal umbilical vessels after birth?
They remodel ## Footnote This is part of the transition from fetal to postnatal circulation.
170
Fill in the blank: During gestation, the fetus exchanges some _______ with the mother.
Antibodies ## Footnote This provides the newborn with some immunity.

Biomed P2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions