Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PPP > WEEK 10 > Flashcards

WEEK 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are health beliefs a key predictor of?

A

Health behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three types of health related behaviours defined by Kasi and Cobb (1966)?

A

1) A health behaviour aims to prevent disease
2) An illness behaviour aims to seek remedy
3) A sick role behaviour aims at getting well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How were health behaviours further defined by Matarazzo (1984)?

A

Either health impairing habits or health protective behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is attribution theory?

A

The theory that individuals are motivated to see their social world as predictable and controllable, requiring understanding of causality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give the criteria of attributions of causality identified by Kelly (1971)

A

1) Distinctiveness (cause specific to individual carrying out the behaviour)
2) Consensus (cause shared by others)
3) Consistency over time (same attribution of causality made at another time)
4) Consistency over modality (same attribution would be made in different situations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Weinstein (1983) suggest about risk perception?

A

That one of the reasons people continue to practice unhealthy behaviours is due to inaccurate risk perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the four cognitive factors involved in inaccurate risk perception?

A

1) Lack of personal experience of the problem
2) Belief that the problem is preventable by individual action
3) Belief that the problem has not yet appeared, it will appear in the future
4) Belief that the problem is infrequent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is risk compensation?

A

Where people believe one set of risk behaviours can be offset by a healthy behaviour (eg. eating cake because you’ll go to the gym the next day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the measures of Health Locus of Control developed by Wallston and Wallston (1982)?

A

If an individual believes their health is controllable by them
or
If an individual believes their health is not controllable by them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Health locus of control?

A

Individual beliefs based on past experiences in health issues and having external or internal control over them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the Health Belief Model used to help with?

A

Explaining and predicting health behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What three beliefs are attributed to a person taking health related action in the Health Belief Model?

A

1) By doing so a health condition can be avoided
2) They expect that they can avoid the negative health condition by doing this behaviour
3) They believe they can successfully take this health action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the four main factors defined by the Health Belief Model?

A

1) Perceived susceptibility of the disease
2) Perceived severity of the disease
3) Perceived benefits of taking action
4) Perceived barriers to performing action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the four revisions to the Health Belief Model?

A

1) Health motivation
2) Demographic susceptibility
3) Psychological variables
4) Cues to action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What interventions are done using the Health Belief Model?

A

Exploring a persons perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers as well as any cues which can be improved via education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What three constructs form the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

A

1) Attitude towards the behaviour (beliefs about the outcome)
2) Subjective norm (beliefs about important others’ attitudes and motivation to comply)
3) Perceived behavioural control (perceived likelihood of recurrence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do the three constructs forming the Theory of Planned Behaviour influence behaviour?

A

They influence intentions which influences behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the keys to a longer, happier life?

A

1) Maintain a sense of purpose
2) Positive relationships
3) Healthy habits including healthy eating
4) Sufficient exercise
5) Sufficient sleep

19
Q

How do psychological factors link to illness and disease?

A

Psychological factors (eg. stress) cause physical symptoms resulting in illness, physical symptoms and illness can cause psychological factors

20
Q

What are the indicators of psychological stress?

A

1) Novel situations
2) Unpredictable situations
3) Uncontrollable situations
4) Perceived control

21
Q

What is the result of a lack of control over a stressor?

A

Cognitive schema of helplessness

22
Q

What are two coping mechanisms of stress?

A

Avoidance (passive) and distraction (active)

23
Q

What is the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes and Rahe (1967))?

A

A scale quantifying the impact of major life changes that may cause stress on the quality of life

24
Q

What are the different signs of stress?

A

Biochemical: alteration in endorphin levels
Physiological: high BP, rapid shallow breathing
Behavioural: sleep problems, increased alcohol intake
Cognitive: poor concentration and memory
Emotional: mood swings, irritability

25
Q

What are the nine psychological effects of stress?

A 
Anxiety
Depression
Complete mental breakdown
Lowered self-esteem
Exacerbation of chronic pain
Nervousness
Mood swings
Memory problems
Anger
26
Q

What are the nine physical effects of stress?

A 
Changes in appetite
Headaches
Colds
Ulcers
Diarrhoea/Constipation
Changes in immune function
Angina
Nausea
High BP
27
Q

What risky health behaviours can stress result in?

A 
Over-eating
Road-traffic accidents
Drinking alcohol excessively
Smoking more
Exercising less/excessively
28
Q

How does clinical depression influence morbidity and mortality?

A

Increased risk and is a risk factor for all cause and cardiac mortality in people with CHD

29
Q

Is there a relationship between stress and GI health?

A

Yes, biopsychosocial approach required for GI medicine

30
Q

What was the result of project storm ice?

A

Differences in DNA methylation between young people dependent on how mothers appraised the storm, unclear whether this is due to perceived stress or actual severity

31
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

People given fake treatment that has no active ingredient yet report feeling better

32
Q

What is the nocebo effect?

A

People develop symptoms whilst not having been exposed to a pathogen

33
Q

How do physical manifestations of a mental illness vary across cultures?

A

They are more prevalent in cultures where MH is seen to have serious stigmatising consequences

34
Q

How does vulnerability and resilience link to stress?

A

They alter individuals’ stress responsivity

35
Q

What are “dandelion” children?

A

The majority of children usually able to cope with stress and hardships

36
Q

What are “orchid” children?

A

The minority that are more sensitive to both good and bad environments, biologically reactive to their circumstances, and find it difficult to cope with stress

37
Q

Give the ten troublesome trends in TV health news

A

1) Too brief to matter (coverage often less than a minute, robbing viewers of chance to grasp significance)
2) No full time health journalists
3) No data to back up sensational claims
4) Hyperbole (used to elicit viewers but threatens credibility)
5) Commercialism
6) Single source stories
7) Baseless predictions from basic science
8) FDA approval treated as a fait accompli (formality)
9) Little coverage of health policy
10) No time for enterprise (only 9% of 840 health related stories originated from the station)

38
Q

What did the study of 50000 women over a 6 year period by Harvard School of Public Health conclude?

A

TV watching/sitting around was linked to increased likelihood of T2 diabetes or obesity

39
Q

Why is TV watching worse than other sedentary behaviours?

A

It is associated with a lower metabolic rate and constant exposure to food commercials means increased likelihood of eating junk food

40
Q

What did the study by Harvard School of Public Health conclude about exercise?

A

It is crucial to reducing obesity and T2 diabetes

41
Q

What defines a healthy lifestyle by the study by Harvard School of Public Health?

A

No more than 10 hours of TV per week, and at least 30 minutes of brisk walking per day

42
Q

How does media distort health risks?

A

Skewed heavily towards dramatic stories rather than issues with greater impact on health

43
Q

What does media distortion of health risks result in?

A

A contribution to an increase, rather than decrease, in health risks due to alteration of health behaviours

44
Q

Give an example of media distortion of health risks

A

8571 deaths from smoking per news story on the health risks vs. 0.33 deaths per news story on vCJD (variant of ‘mad cow’ disease)

PPP (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions