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PPP > WEEK 11 > Flashcards

WEEK 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Give five examples of health behaviours

A

1) Exercise
2) Diet
3) Smoking
4) Taking medications
5) Unprotected sexual intercourse

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2
Q

Define non-adherence

A

The failure of a patient to follow recommended health behaviours and treatment advice given by a clinician

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3
Q

What is the difference between non-adherence and non-compliance?

A

Non-adherence focuses on the collaborative Dr-Pt relationship

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4
Q

What is a good predictor of long-term adherence?

A

Adherence at entry

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5
Q

What is the effect of complex medication regimens?

A

Low adherence

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6
Q

What is the result of intrusive/expensive treatments?

A

Lower adherence

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7
Q

What is the result of asymptomatic conditions on adherence?

A

Lower

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8
Q

Give six reasons patients don’t comply?

A

1) Fear of side effects
2) Forgetfulness
3) Expense
4) Feeling well (no need to keep with treatment)
5) Dr fails to communicate adequately
6) Travel away from home

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9
Q

Describe Ley’s Model of Compliance

A

Understanding and Memory results in Satisfaction=COMPLIANCE

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10
Q

Describe Stanton’s Model of Adherence

A

Doctor communication/Increased knowledge and satisfaction (aided by Dr communication)/Patient’s beliefs, locus of control, perceived social support=ADHERENCE

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11
Q

What are the three components of the Information-Motivation-Strategy model?

A

Information: Pts don’t understand what they’re supposed to do
Motivation: Pts aren’t motivated to carry out their treatment recommendations
Strategy: Pts don’t have a workable strategy for following treatment recommendations

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12
Q

Give four ways to improve information to aid in patient compliance?

A

Communicate information effectively
Build trust and encourage patient participation in their care
Have patients share why and how they are to carry out the recommended treatment
Listen to patients’ concerns

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13
Q

Give three ways to improve motivation to aid in patient compliance?

A

Help patients believe in the treatment efficacy
Elicit, listen to and discuss negative attitudes towards treatment
Determine the role of patient’s social system in supporting or contradicting elements of the regimen

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14
Q

Give four ways to improve strategy to aid in patient compliance?

A

Assist in overcoming practical barriers
Identify individuals who can provide concrete assistance
Provide written instructions/reminders
Link to support groups

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15
Q

How do you improve adherence?

A

1) Stress importance of what you’re about to say
2) Primacy effect (ie. first thing more likely to be remembered)
3) Repeat instructions/information
4) Keep to salient information
5) Negotiate regimens suiting patient routine
6) Encourage note taking
7) Use simple words to describe the body/treatment

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16
Q

What is the aim of health promotion?

A

Prevent/reduce unhealthy behaviours and increase healthy behaviours

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17
Q

Summarise the Health Action Model

A

Self->Behavioural intention->Health Action->Routine

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18
Q

What three factors influence whether behavioural intention results in health action in the Health Action Model?

A

Environment, Skills and Knowledge

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19
Q

What four factors influence ‘self’ in the Health Action Model?

A

Personality, belief system, motivation system and normative system

20
Q

What two opposing factors influence behavioural intention following routine in the Health Action Model?

A

Confirmation or relapse

21
Q

What is the CALO-RE taxonomy?

A

A taxonomy unpicking and describing all the individual components of behavioural change interventions

22
Q

What are some examples of behavioural change techniques?

A

Goal setting (behaviour) eg. more exercise
Providing information on consequences of behaviour to individual
Relapse prevention/coping planning
Barrier identification/problem solving

23
Q

What are change determinants of behaviour?

A

Promote/sustain desirable beliefs
Infrastructure (eg. food provision/education)
Economic incentives
Regulatory change to reinforce behaviour

24
Q

What is the impact of change determinants of behaviour?

A

Expensive/difficult to implement, large no. of people influenced

25
Q

What are the ways to change behaviour focusing on individuals at risk?

A

Education/motivational strategies

26
Q

What is the impact of behavioural change focusing on individuals at risk?

A

Some success, not good at sustained long term change

27
Q

What three things constitute the generic model of health promotion?

A

1) Health education
2) Environmental change
3) Legal change/make unhealthy behaviours expensive

28
Q

Give three examples where health promotion has influenced health behaviour

A

1) Smoking
2) Alcohol
3) Physical activity

29
Q

How is health promotion used to influence smoking?

A

Large scale public health changes as a result of Royal College of Physician’s recommendations=increase in cigarette smokers quiting, decrease in current smokers

30
Q

Give three examples of the recommendations made by the Royal College of Physicians

A

1) Stop smoking indoors
2) Reduce smoking advertising
3) Taxation on cigarettes

31
Q

What are the least effective methods of health promotion influencing alcohol use?

A

Provision of educational or public information

32
Q

What had moderate effectiveness on influencing alcohol use?

A

Advertising controls

33
Q

What are the most effective methods of health promotion influencing alcohol use?

A

Minimum purchase age laws
Alcohol-specific age laws
Drink-driving countermeasures

34
Q

What are some of the benefits of physical activity on children?

A 
Bone health
Cognitive function
CV fitness
Muscle fitness
Weight status
Depression
35
Q

What are some of the benefits of physical activity on adults?

A 
All-cause mortality
Stoke and heart disease
Hypertension
T2 diabetes
Depression
Cognitive function
36
Q

What are some of the benefits of physical activity on older adults?

A

Falls
Frailty
Physical function

37
Q

How can we address physical inactivity?

A

Interventions within the NHS
Community-based interventions
National/Governmental actions

38
Q

Give three NHS interventions used to promote physical activity

A

1) GPs/practice nurses identifying people who are inactive and encourage activity
2) Provision of supervised exercise for people who have heart disease
3) Provision of facilities for NHS staff to exercise

39
Q

Give four examples of community interventions used to promote physical activity

A

1) School PSHE lessons
2) More pedestrian crossings/lollipop people
3) Cycle lanes/pavements
4) Subsidise leisure centres

40
Q

Give two examples of facilitative governmental actions to promote physical activity

A

1) Allow councils to spend money on road safety schemes

2) Provide resources in councils budgets for leisure centres

41
Q

Give two examples of taxation done by government to promote physical activity

A

1) Tax workplace car parking spaces/petrol/road use

2) Make gym membership tax free

42
Q

What are three factors making it difficult to sustain change in physical activity?

A

1) Environmental issues
2) Cultural issues
3) Temptation to slip up

43
Q

Give the three types of prevention

A

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary prevention

44
Q

What is the aim of primary prevention?

A

To prevent disease onset

45
Q

What is the aim of secondary prevention?

A

To minimise the consequences of disease after it has arisen by detection and treatment to prevent worsening

46
Q

What is the aim of tertiary prevention?

A

To prevent death or permanent disability once a disease has become established

47
Q

What is the difficulty faced with health promotion in diverse communities?

A

Generic campaigns may have different effects on different societal sectors which may result in unexpected negative consequences

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