WEEK 3 Flashcards
(47 cards)
What three components make up the Kleinman’s model of healthcare systems?
Popular sector
Folk sector
Professional sector
What constitutes the popular sector?
Family, friends, media and the internet
What constitutes the folk sector?
Common traditional remedies, old-wives tales and complementary alternative therapies
What constitutes the professional sector?
Doctors and other healthcare professionals
How is demand for treatment altered between individuals?
Different standards of health and illness (eg. elderly may have lower standards than younger people)
Define healing and wholeness
Whatever process results in the experience of greater wholeness of the human spirit
How do people make decisions on approaching the formal healthcare system?
Signs and symptoms
What are symptoms?
Feeling states patients experience which alert them to the possibility that all is not well
What are signs?
Pointers the doctor identifies which signify the existence of the underlying pathological lesion
What are the six stages of illness?
1) Person experiences symptoms
2) May seek advice from friends and relatives
3) May seek professional advice from a doctor
4) Doctor confirms patient is sick (legitimises sick role)
5) Sick role
6) Recovery
Why do you only see the tip of the iceberg of people with symptoms in healthcare settings?
A large proportion of people with symptoms don’t seek medical help
What are the determinants for increased consultation?
Age Gender Ethnicity Deprivation Smoking status
What is the process that people go through when deciding whether to consult with a doctor or not?
1) Are the symptoms normal or abnormal?
2) Should I see the doctor on this occasion?
3) What else can I do?
4) What are the costs and benefits of seeing the doctor?
What are Zola’s 5 social triggers which encompass the way in which symptoms come to be seen as abnormal?
1) Perceived interference with vocational or physical activity
2) Perceived interference with social or personal relations
3) Occurrence of an interpersonal crisis
4) Temporalising of symptomatology
5) Sanctioning (“you should get that checked”)
What are Mechanic’s 10 variables known to influence illness behaviour?
1) Visibility, recognisability or perceptual salience of signs and symptoms
2) The extent to which the symptoms are perceived as serious
3) The extent to which symptoms disrupt family, work and other social activities
4) Temporalising of symptomatology
5) The tolerance threshold of the individual and those evaluating the signs and symptoms
6) Available knowledge, information and cultural assumptions of the evaluator
7) Basic needs that lead to denial
8) Competition between needs and illness responses
9) Competing interpretations of symptoms
10) Availability of treatment resources, physical proximity and physiological and monetary costs of taking action
Define utilitarianism
Maximising happiness for the most people possible, minimising suffering
What is the principle of utilitarianism?
Right or wrong depends on the outcome
What is the utilitarian stance on truth telling?
Tell truth if it leads to a good outcome, lie only if it leads to a better outcome
What is the difference between ‘act’ and ‘rule’ utilitarianism?
‘Act’ considers each act separately whereas ‘rule’ extrapolates rules such that if everyone behaves in this way it would lead to the best outcomes
What are the three main advantages of utilitarianism?
1) Pretty intuitive/aligns with how some people view morality
2) Form of distributive justice, therefore deals with good of societies, not just individuals
3) Flexible (although less so with ‘rule’ utilitarianism)
What are the three main disadvantages of utilitarianism?
1) Consequences can be difficult to predict
2) Consequences can be far-reaching or impossible to measure
3) People given no intrinsic value in this system
Define deontological ethics
The belief that actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their outcome
What is the deontological stance on lying?
It is inherently wrong, even if outcome is greater
What does the deontological position allow?
A set of rules to be created and applied universally allowing us to always be ‘in the right’
