Week 10 Sem 1 2014

Question 0

Pathogenicity

Answer 0

The capacity of organism to cause disease in host organism ( how do they do it eg toxins? Flagella?)

Question 1

Pathogen

Answer 1

Microbe that can cause disease

Question 2

Virulence

Answer 2

Measure of pathogenicity

More virulent= more damaged caused

Question 3

Virulence factor

Answer 3

Thing needed for organism to cause disease eg toxin, flagella, ability to stick

Question 4

Nosocomial infections

Answer 4

Hospital acquired infections

Question 5

Zoonotic infections

Answer 5

Transmitted from animals to humans

Question 6

Sterilisation

Answer 6

Destruction/killing of all living or dead forms of microbial life

Question 7

Disinefection

Answer 7

Removing/killing MOST viable organisms

Can b
physical (boiling water)
Chemical (using antiseptics)

Question 8

Antisepsis

Answer 8

Removing microbes from skin

Question 9

Asepsis

Answer 9

Prevention of new microbes from getting to a patient

Question 10

Antimicrobial agents

Answer 10

Any subs used for treatment of infection

Must b able to kill/inhibit microorganism without causing damage to host cells

Question 11

‘iDEAL’ chemotherapeutic agent

Answer 11

Gets to site of infection

Destroys pathogenic organisms/cells(or facilitate their destruction)

Stays at target site long enough for it to be effective

B eliminated from body without affecting host cells

Question 12

Bacteriostatic action

Answer 12

Keeps levels of bacteria static

Interferes wit protein synthesis hence interferes wit growth/ replication hence reducing numbers in teamwork wit immune system
>immune system competency important

Eg tetracyline

Dying bac may release endotoxins (thus sometimes using bateriostatic drugs is enough

Question 13

Bacteriocidal action

Answer 13

Directly Kills bacteria = reduce no. of invading cells

May lead to harmful toxin release

Question 14

MIC

Answer 14

Minimum inhibitory concentration

= lowest conc that inhibits growth

Question 15

MBC

Answer 15

Minimum bacteriocidal Conc

= lowest conc that reduces number

Question 16

Postantibiotic effect (PAE)

Answer 16

There is a time after the drug (antibacterial serum levels) has gone under MEC, but still get bacterial growth suppression

Question 17

MEC

Answer 17

Minimum effective plasma concentration

Question 18

Microorganism

Answer 18

=all prokaryotes +single celled eukaryotes +viruses

Question 19

Gram positive bac

Answer 19

THICK peptidoglycan layer

Purple stain

Question 20

Gram negative

Answer 20

THIN peptidoglycan layer

Pink stain

Question 21

Flagella
Helps bac to move
Made of protein flagellin

Answer 21

MONOTRICHOUS = 1 on 1 side

AMPHITRICHOUS= 1 on either end

IOPHOTRICHOUS= a bundle on 1 side

PERITRICHOUS= have a few all around

Question 22

Pili/Fimbriae

Answer 22

Shorter than flagella
Threadlike

Helps bac to adhere to stuff

Some bac hav flagella,some hav pilli, some hav both,some hav none

Question 23

Virus

Virion=viral particle

Can hav dna or rna whereas
Bac only hav DNA

Answer 23

Acellular = not made of cells

Not living

Obligate intracellular parasites= use host cell’s machinery to multiply

can infect anything

Hav capsid/coat made of protein

MAY have envelope (lipid n protein membrane gotton from host cell -animal viruses)

Shapes : helical (like toothpick)
Icosahedral (like hexagon

Question 24

Strict aerobes aka obligate aerobes

Answer 24

Prokaryotes that need oxy to grow

Question 25

Microaerophilic

Answer 25

Only need little oxy to live

Question 26

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 26

Can switch bw aerobic n anaerobic respiration

To actually grow, cant have oxy but can survive for short amount of time with oxy

Question 27

Aerotolerant anaerobe

Answer 27

Anaerobic (ie dont need O2 to live; O2 kills them)

But insensitive to O2

Question 28

Infection

Answer 28

Wen microorganisms
Penetrate host defences
Invade tissues
Multiply

Question 29

To cause disease pathogen must

Answer 29

Enter body
Colonise host
Evade host defences
Multiply n disseminate
Cause damage to host

Question 30

Antiseptic

Answer 30

Subset of chemical disinfectants.

Question 31

ELISA

Answer 31

Common serology test to detect antibody response/antigen

Indirect ELISA (detection of antibody
Start wit antigen at bottom of well
Add antibody
Add enzyme 
Add substrate 
Amount of product proportional to amount of antibody 

Sandwich ELiSA (detectioj of antigen)

Question 32

Targets of antibacterials

Answer 32

Cell wall synthesis
Protein synthesis
Nucleic acid synthesis
Other metabolic processes

Question 33

Concentration-dependent effect

Answer 33

The effectiveness of a drug is directly proportional to its conc

Question 34

Time-dependent effect

Answer 34

Drug’s effectiveness is directly proportional to time it is present in conc over MEC

Eg need drug to b over MEC at least 60% of time to produce effective response
Ie depends on: time that bac is exposed to [drug] > MEC

Increased dose - no increase in effect

Question 35

MEC

Answer 35

Ie the Minimum effective plasma conc

Of drug to see desired therapeutic effect

Question 36

Postantibiotic effect (PAE)

Answer 36

Wen drug conc has gone under MEC but still see suppression of bac growth

This is important cos eg treatin patients, instead of needin 4 tablets, they only need 3

Question 37

Antibiotics

Answer 37

Subs produced by microorganisms used to inhibit/kill another microorganism

Question 38

Disease

Answer 38

Interruption of normal structure/function of any part of body that ends up with DAMAGE